Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species in healthy dogs and their owners could be transferred between these hosts and carry diverse antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of public health concern. This study determined the frequency, diversity, and AMR genes of nasal CoNS from healthy dogs and in-contact people as well as the rate of intra-household (between healthy dogs and dog-owners) transmission of CoNS. Nasal samples were collected and processed from 34 dogs and 41 humans from 27 households, and CoNS identification was done by MALDI-TOF-MS. The AMR determinants and genetic lineages were determined by PCR/sequencing. A total of 216 CoNS isolates were initially obtained and identified, and the AMR phenotypes were determined. From these, 130 non-repetitive CoNS were selected (one isolate of each species per sample or more than one if they presented different AMR phenotypes) and further characterized. The predominant species from dog carriers were S. epidermidis (26.5%), S. hominis (8.8%), and S. cohnii (8.8%), whereas in the human carriers, the predominant ones were S. epidermidis (80.4%), S. lugdunensis (9.8%), and S. hominis (9.8%). Intra-host species diversity (>one CoNS species) was detected in 37.5% of dogs and 21.6% of dog-owners. Conversely, 50% of dogs and 70.3% of dog-owners had intra-species AMR diversity (2–4 AMR-CoNS profiles). About 20% were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested, 31.5% displayed a multidrug resistance phenotype, and 17.4% were mecA-positive, located in SCCmec type V (24.2%), III (18.1%), IVc (12.1%), and II (6.1%). The other mec-A positive CoNS isolates (39.5%) had non-typeable SCCmec. The highest AMR rates were found against erythromycin (32.3%/mph(C), msr(A)) and mupirocin (20.8%/mupA), but the resistance rates for other antimicrobial agents were <10% each. Remarkably, one linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis-ST35 isolate was identified and mediated by four amino acid substitutions in L3 and one in L4 ribosomal proteins. Dogs and dog-owners as carriers of S. epidermidis with similar AMR patterns and genetic lineages (ST59, ST61, ST166 and ST278) were detected in four households (14.8%). Diverse CoNS carriage and moderate level of AMR were obtained from this study. The detection of CoNS carrying diverse SCCmec elements and intra-species AMR diversity highlights the roles of dog ownership in the potential transmission of antimicrobial-resistant CoNS in either direction.

中文翻译：

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西班牙拉里奥哈健康狗和狗主人鼻孔凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的遗传多样性和抵抗力

健康狗及其主人体内的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CoNS）物种可以在这些宿主之间转移，并携带多种引起公共卫生问题的抗菌素耐药性（AMR）基因。这项研究确定了健康狗和接触者鼻腔 CoNS 的频率、多样性和 AMR 基因，以及 CoNS 的家庭内（健康狗和狗主人之间）传播率。采集27户34只狗和41个人的鼻腔样本并进行处理，并通过MALDI-TOF-MS进行CoNS鉴定。通过 PCR/测序确定 AMR 决定因素和遗传谱系。初步获得并鉴定了总共 216 个 CoNS 分离株，并确定了 AMR 表型。从这些中，选择了 130 个非重复 CoNS（每个样本中每个物种的一个分离株，如果它们呈现不同的 AMR 表型，则选择多个分离株）并进一步表征。狗携带者的主要物种是表皮葡萄球菌（26.5%）、人型葡萄球菌（8.8%）和科尼葡萄球菌（8.8%），而人类携带者的主要物种是表皮葡萄球菌（80.4%）。路邓沙门氏菌 (9.8%) 和人沙门氏菌 (9.8%)。在 37.5% 的狗和 21.6% 的狗主人中检测到宿主内物种多样性（> 一种 CoNS 物种）。相反，50% 的狗和 70.3% 的狗主人具有种内 AMR 多样性（2-4 个 AMR-CoNS 谱）。约20%对所有测试的抗菌药物敏感，31.5%表现出多重耐药表型，17.4%为mecA阳性，位于SCCmec V型（24.2%）、III型（18.1%）、IVc型（12.1%）和二（6.1%）。其他 mec-A 阳性 CoNS 分离株 (39.5%) 具有不可分型的 SCCmec。AMR 率最高的是红霉素（32.3%/mph(C)、msr(A)）和莫匹罗星（20.8%/mupA），但其他抗菌药物的耐药率均<10%。值得注意的是，一种耐利奈唑胺表皮葡萄球菌-ST35 分离株被鉴定并由 L3 核糖体蛋白中的 4 个氨基酸取代和 L4 核糖体蛋白中的 1 个氨基酸取代介导。在四个家庭（14.8%）中检测到狗和狗主人是具有相似 AMR 模式和遗传谱系（ST59、ST61、ST166 和 ST278）的表皮葡萄球菌携带者。本研究获得了多样化的 CoNS 携带和中等水平的 AMR。携带不同 SCCmec 元件的 CoNS 和种内 AMR 多样性的检测突显了养狗在抗菌素耐药性 CoNS 潜在传播中的作用。