From a practical point of view, the thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane should not only have superior separation performance but also excellent compaction resistance and antifouling properties. Generally, polyamide (PA) separation layers of the TFC NF membrane prepared on the support with hydrophilic interlayer are crumpled, which may be detrimental to the compaction resistance and antifouling properties of TFC NF membranes. A flexible polymer-rigid nanoparticles composite interlayer was constructed on the pristine polysulfone (PSF) support in this work to design a TFC NF membrane with compaction resistance, antifouling, and excellent separation performance. Morphology and crosslinking degree of PA separation layers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the composite interlayer can not only regulate the distribution and diffusion of piperazine (PIP) but also act as a template to induce the generation and growth of PA during the interfacial polymerization (IP) process, leading to the formation of the PA separation layer with a small nodular structure. The compaction resistance, antifouling properties, and separation performance of the TFC membrane were also investigated by nanoindentation, fouling experiment, and filtration test, respectively. The TFC NF membrane with the composite interlayer showed greatly improved mechanical properties with its hardness and elastic modulus approximately 1.5 and 1.6 times that of the reference, respectively. Furthermore, the flux recovery of the TFC NF membrane with the composite interlayer (93.8 %) was higher than that of the control (87.2 %), indicating that the TFC NF membrane with the composite interlayer had better antifouling properties. In addition, the obtained TFC NF membrane with the composite interlayer showed a water flux approximately twice as high as that of the reference with satisfactory rejection. This advancement will contribute to the development of more efficient and stable TFC NF membranes for industrial wastewater treatment.

中文翻译：

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一种增强TFC纳滤膜抗压实性和防污性能的明胶-磷酸锆纳米粒子复合夹层

从实用角度来看，薄膜复合（TFC）纳滤（NF）膜不仅应具有优异的分离性能，而且还应具有优异的抗压实性能和防污性能。通常，在具有亲水夹层的支撑体上制备的TFC NF膜的聚酰胺(PA)分离层会起皱，这可能不利于TFC NF膜的抗压实性和防污性能。本工作在原始聚砜（PSF）载体上构建柔性聚合物-刚性纳米颗粒复合中间层，设计出具有抗压实、防污和优异分离性能的TFC纳滤膜。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究PA分离层的形貌和交联度。结果表明，复合中间层不仅可以调节哌嗪（PIP）的分布和扩散，而且可以作为模板诱导界面聚合（IP）过程中PA的生成和生长，从而形成PA分离层具有小结节状结构。通过纳米压痕、污染实验和过滤测试分别研究了TFC膜的抗压实性能、防污性能和分离性能。具有复合中间层的TFC NF膜的机械性能大大提高，其硬度和弹性模量分别约为参考材料的1.5和1.6倍。此外，具有复合中间层的TFC纳滤膜的通量恢复（93.8％）高于对照（87.2％），表明具有复合中间层的TFC纳滤膜具有更好的防污性能。此外，所获得的具有复合中间层的TFC纳滤膜的水通量大约是参考膜的两倍，并且具有令人满意的截留率。这一进展将有助于开发更高效、更稳定的用于工业废水处理的 TFC 纳滤膜。