Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is the standard of care for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma and selected patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, TACE does not achieve a satisfactory objective response rate, and the concept of TACE refractoriness has been proposed to identify patients who do not fully benefit from TACE. Moreover, repeated TACE is necessary to obtain an optimal and sustained anti-tumour response, which may damage the patient's liver function. Therefore, studies have recently been performed to improve the effectiveness of TACE. In this review, we summarise the detailed molecular mechanisms associated with TACE responsiveness and relapse after this treatment to provide more effective targets for adjuvant therapy while helping to improve TACE regimens.

中文翻译：

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TACE 难治性的分子机制：改进 TACE 手术的方向

经导管动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE) 是中期肝细胞癌和部分晚期肝细胞癌患者的标准治疗方法。然而，TACE 并没有达到令人满意的客观缓解率，因此提出了 TACE 不应期的概念来识别未从 TACE 中完全受益的患者。此外，为了获得最佳且持续的抗肿瘤反应，需要反复进行TACE，但这可能会损害患者的肝功能。因此，最近进行了研究以提高TACE的有效性。在这篇综述中，我们总结了与 TACE 反应性和治疗后复发相关的详细分子机制，为辅助治疗提供更有效的靶点，同时帮助改进 TACE 方案。