Insecticide resistance is a great challenge facing mosquito operational control agencies across the United States, where few active ingredients with unique modes of action are available for use, increasing resistance pressure and further hampering resistance management strategies. Emergence and expansion of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes can be detected by resistance monitoring programs; however, there are gaps in our knowledge regarding the link between resistance bioassay results and operational control outcomes. Here, we review both public health and agricultural studies on pesticide resistance bioassays and control outcomes. A discussion on the main gaps in our knowledge of insecticide resistance and a review of resistance management practices is also presented. We conclude with research questions that can advance our understanding of resistance monitoring and control.

中文翻译：

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在真空中测量杀虫剂耐药性：探索将耐药性数据与蚊虫控制功效联系起来的后续步骤

杀虫剂耐药性是美国各地蚊子运营控制机构面临的巨大挑战，因为几乎没有具有独特作用方式的活性成分可供使用，这增加了耐药性压力，并进一步阻碍了耐药性管理策略。蚊子对杀虫剂耐药性的出现和扩大可以通过耐药性监测计划来检测；然而，我们对耐药生物测定结果和操作控制结果之间的联系的认识存在差距。在这里，我们回顾了关于农药抗性生物测定和控制结果的公共卫生和农业研究。还讨论了我们对杀虫剂抗性知识的主要差距，并对抗性管理实践进行了回顾。最后我们提出了一些研究问题，这些问题可以增进我们对阻力监测和控制的理解。