In forest tourism, overtourism and overcrowding can have ecological and environmental impacts, overburden management systems, and negatively impact visitor experiences. Management approaches to address overtourism and crowding can be conservationist or developmentalist, depending on visitors' crowding perception. This case study field surveyed 581 visitors on a forest trail in South Korea. Differences in crowding perception, satisfaction, contingent valuation, and management action were analyzed by using visitor demographics and visiting season. Their interrelation path was investigated using a structural equation model. The acceptable level of person at one time (PAOT) was determined using an in-situ visual experiment. Sex and age of respondents did not impact crowding perception and satisfaction; however, acceptable level of PAOT and satisfaction with trail difficulty were higher as the age increased. Respondents perceived encounter frequency and crowding between visiting seasons differently. Satisfaction decreased when visitors evaluated more crowding. Crowding norm curves were developed for each of the responses for acceptable level of PAOT in the visual experiment; older visitors were more tolerant of overcrowding than younger visitors. The path between perceived encounters, evaluated crowding, and norms was confirmed. Preferred management actions were affected by crowding perception, satisfaction with facilities and trail difficulty, and age. In the East Asian context, where population density and need for forest tourism are high, this study suggests that visitors' crowding perception should be thoroughly considered in carrying capacity management in forest tourism.

中文翻译：

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您同意森林中的过度旅游吗？韩国步道游客的拥挤感、满意度和管理行动之间的路径

在森林旅游中，过度旅游和过度拥挤可能会对生态和环境产生影响，使管理系统负担过重，并对游客体验产生负面影响。解决过度旅游和拥挤问题的管理方法可以是保护主义的，也可以是发展主义的，具体取决于游客对拥挤的看法。本案例研究实地调查了韩国森林步道上的 581 名游客。通过使用游客人口统计数据和参观季节来分析拥挤感知、满意度、条件评估和管理行动的差异。使用结构方程模型研究了它们的相互关系路径。使用现场视觉实验确定人员一次性可接受水平 (PAOT)。受访者的性别和年龄不影响拥挤感和满意度；然而，随着年龄的增长，可接受的 PAOT 水平和对越野难度的满意度会更高。受访者认为不同访问季节的遭遇频率和拥挤情况有所不同。当游客评价更拥挤时，满意度会下降。为视觉实验中可接受的 PAOT 水平的每个反应制定了拥挤标准曲线；年长的游客比年轻的游客更能容忍过度拥挤。感知的遭遇、评估的拥挤和规范之间的路径得到了确认。首选的管理行动受到拥挤感、对设施和步道难度的满意度以及年龄的影响。在人口密度和森林旅游需求较高的东亚地区，本研究表明，在森林旅游承载力管理中应充分考虑游客的拥挤感。