Biphasic models have been widely used to simulate the time-dependent biomechanical response of soft tissues. Modelling techniques of joints with biphasic weight-bearing soft tissues have been improved markedly over the last decade, enhancing our understanding of the function, degenerative mechanism and outcomes of interventions of joints. This paper reviews the recent advances, challenges and opportunities in computational models of joints with biphasic weight-bearing soft tissues. The review begins with introduction of the function and degeneration of joints from a biomechanical aspect. Different constitutive models of articular cartilage, in particular biphasic materials, are illustrated in the context of the study of contact mechanics in joints. Approaches, advances and major findings of biphasic models of the hip and knee are presented, followed by a discussion of the challenges awaiting to be addressed, including the convergence issue, high computational cost and inadequate validation. Finally, opportunities and clinical insights in the areas of subject-specific modelling and tissue engineering are provided and discussed.

中文翻译：

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双相软骨关节的计算模型：最新进展、挑战和机遇

双相模型已广泛用于模拟软组织随时间变化的生物力学响应。双相负重软组织关节建模技术在过去十年中得到了显着改进，增强了我们对关节功能、退行性机制和干预结果的理解。本文回顾了双相负重软组织关节计算模型的最新进展、挑战和机遇。综述首先从生物力学方面介绍关节的功能和退化。在关节接触力学研究的背景下，说明了关节软骨的不同本构模型，特别是双相材料。介绍了髋关节和膝关节双相模型的方法、进展和主要发现，然后讨论了有待解决的挑战，包括收敛问题、高计算成本和验证不足。最后，提供并讨论了特定主题建模和组织工程领域的机会和临床见解。