The immune system’s complexity and ongoing evolutionary struggle against deleterious pathogens underscore the value of vaccination technologies, which have been bolstering human immunity for over two centuries. Despite noteworthy advancements over these 200 years, three areas remain recalcitrant to improvement owing to the environmental instability of the biomolecules used in vaccines─the challenges of formulating them into controlled release systems, their need for constant refrigeration to avoid loss of efficacy, and the requirement that they be delivered via needle owing to gastrointestinal incompatibility. Nanotechnology, particularly metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), has emerged as a promising avenue for confronting these challenges, presenting a new frontier in vaccine development. Although these materials have been widely explored in the context of drug delivery, imaging, and cancer immunotherapy, their role in immunology and vaccine-related applications is a recent yet rapidly developing field. This review seeks to elucidate the prospective use of MOFs and COFs for biomaterial stabilization, eliminating the necessity for cold chains, enhancing antigen potency as adjuvants, and potentializing needle-free delivery of vaccines. It provides an expansive and critical viewpoint on this rapidly evolving field of research and emphasizes the vital contribution of chemists in driving further advancements.

中文翻译：

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金属有机框架和共价有机框架在疫苗纳米技术中的前景和潜力

免疫系统的复杂性以及与有害病原体的持续进化斗争凸显了疫苗接种技术的价值，两个多世纪以来，疫苗接种技术一直在增强人类免疫力。尽管在这 200 年间取得了显着的进步，但由于疫苗中使用的生物分子的环境不稳定，三个领域仍然难以改进——将其配制为控释系统的挑战、需要持续冷藏以避免功效损失以及对疫苗的要求。由于胃肠道不相容，它们需要通过针头输送。纳米技术，特别是金属有机框架（MOF）和共价有机框架（COF），已成为应对这些挑战的有前途的途径，为疫苗开发开辟了新领域。尽管这些材料已在药物输送、成像和癌症免疫治疗领域得到广泛探索，但它们在免疫学和疫苗相关应用中的作用是一个新近但快速发展的领域。本综述旨在阐明 MOF 和 COF 在生物材料稳定方面的前景用途，消除冷链的必要性，增强抗原作为佐剂的效力，并实现疫苗的无针注射。它为这个快速发展的研究领域提供了广泛而批判性的观点，并强调了化学家在推动进一步进步方面的重要贡献。