Objective:Most international studies have concluded that exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with worse mental health. Sweden implemented lighter restrictions than many other countries. We evaluated the association between changes in exposure of COVID-19 restrictions and changes in mental health problems among Swedish adolescents.Method:Repeated cross-sectional data were derived from the Stockholm school survey, mandatory for all students in municipal schools and voluntary for students in private schools. Unexposed students were assessed in the year 2020 and exposed were assessed in 2022. Mental health was assessed using items similar to the psychosomatic problem scale. All variables were dichotomised, and a non-parametric logistic regression was used to evaluate associations.Results:A significant positive association was found between exposure of COVID-19 restrictions and self-reports of five to seven mental health problems a week for girls (odds ratio (OR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–1.41), but a non-significant association was found for boys (also after controlling for relevant covariates). Among boys and girls (shown), changes in mental health during the pandemic were moderated by social support from parents (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.98–2.51), bullying victimisation (OR 2.24, 95% CI 2.06–2.66), a sensation-seeking temperament (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.24–1.58) and school achievement (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18–1.51).Conclusions:Compared with boys, adolescent girls self-reported worse mental health following COVID-19 exposure. Girls may have been more affected by social distancing regulations in Sweden during the pandemic than boys and may require additional psychosocial support post-pandemic. Social support from parents may play an important role.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 大流行期间青少年的心理健康问题：瑞典的一项重复横断面研究

目的：大多数国际研究得出的结论是，接触 COVID-19 大流行与心理健康状况恶化有关。瑞典实施的限制比许多其他国家要宽松。我们评估了瑞典青少年中接触 COVID-19 限制的变化与心理健康问题变化之间的关联。方法：重复的横截面数据来自斯德哥尔摩学校调查，该调查对市立学校的所有学生都是强制性的，对瑞典的学生是自愿的。私立学校。未暴露的学生于 2020 年进行评估，暴露的学生于 2022 年进行评估。使用类似于心身问题量表的项目评估心理健康。所有变量均进行二分法，并使用非参数逻辑回归来评估关联性。 结果：发现接触 COVID-19 限制与女孩每周自我报告 5 至 7 种心理健康问题之间存在显着正相关（几率比率 (OR) 1.29，95% 置信区间 (CI) 1.18–1.41），但发现男孩之间不存在显着关联（也是在控制相关协变量之后）。在男孩和女孩中（如图所示），大流行期间心理健康的变化受到父母的社会支持（OR 2.23，95% CI 1.98–2.51）、欺凌受害（OR 2.24，95% CI 2.06–2.66）、轰动效应的影响。 - 寻求气质（OR 1.40，95% CI 1.24–1.58）和学校成绩（OR 1.34，95% CI 1.18–1.51）。 结论：与男孩相比，青春期女孩自称在接触 COVID-19 后心理健康状况较差。在大流行期间，女孩可能比男孩更容易受到瑞典社会疏远规定的影响，并且在大流行后可能需要额外的社会心理支持。父母的社会支持可能发挥重要作用。