Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the mechanisms underlying its etiology and progression are complex and multifactorial. The higher AD risk in women may serve as a clue to better understand these complicated processes. In this review, we examine aspects of AD that demonstrate sex-dependent effects and delve into the potential biological mechanisms responsible, compiling findings from advanced technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing, metabolomics, and multi-omics analyses. We review evidence that sex hormones and sex chromosomes interact with various disease mechanisms during aging, encompassing inflammation, metabolism, and autophagy, leading to unique characteristics in disease progression between men and women.

中文翻译：

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阿尔茨海默病的性别差异机制

阿尔茨海默病（AD）及其病因和进展的机制是复杂且多因素的。女性较高的 AD 风险可能可以作为更好地理解这些复杂过程的线索。在这篇综述中，我们研究了 AD 中表现出性别依赖性影响的各个方面，并深入研究了潜在的生物学机制，汇编了单细胞 RNA 测序、代谢组学和多组学分析等先进技术的研究结果。我们回顾了性激素和性染色体与衰老过程中各种疾病机制相互作用的证据，包括炎症、代谢和自噬，导致男性和女性疾病进展的独特特征。