Mucosal tissues are frequent targets of both primary and metastatic cancers. This has highlighted the significance of both innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity at mucosal sites. Trained innate immunity (TII) is an emerging concept defined as enhanced reactivity of innate leukocytes long after a previous stimulation that induces prolonged epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic changes. Trained innate leukocytes can respond to heterologous targets due to their lacking of antigen-specificity in most cases. Emerging experimental and clinical data suggest that certain microbes or their products induce TII in mucosal-associated innate leukocytes which endows heterologous anti-tumor innate immunity, in both prophylactic and therapeutic scenarios. In this mini-review, we summarize updated findings on the significance of TII in mucosal cancers. We also attempt to raise a few key questions critical to our further understanding on the roles of TII in mucosal cancers, and to the potential application of TII as anti-cancer strategy.

中文翻译：

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经过训练的先天免疫对粘膜癌的作用

粘膜组织是原发性癌症和转移性癌症的常见目标。这凸显了粘膜部位先天性和适应性抗癌免疫的重要性。训练有素的先天免疫 (TII) 是一个新兴概念，定义为在先前的刺激诱导长时间的表观遗传、转录和代谢变化后，先天白细胞的反应性增强。经过训练的先天白细胞可以对异源靶标做出反应，因为它们在大多数情况下缺乏抗原特异性。新出现的实验和临床数据表明，某些微生物或其产物在粘膜相关先天白细胞中诱导 TII，从而在预防和治疗场景中赋予异源抗肿瘤先天免疫。在这篇小型综述中，我们总结了 TII 在粘膜癌中的重要性的最新发现。我们还尝试提出一些关键问题，这些问题对于我们进一步了解 TII 在粘膜癌中的作用以及 TII 作为抗癌策略的潜在应用至关重要。