There is growing interest in insecticide resistance in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), as its potential for spreading diseases is increasing as urbanization and control efforts intensify. Here we review the presence and diversity of mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene associated with pyrethroid resistance and report on additional surveys of these mutations in new populations with an analysis of their spread. The known diversity of these mutations has increased in recent years including the identification of 26 non-synonymous mutations, although phenotypic data associating mutations with resistance remain limited. We provide data on mutations in several new locations including those in Timor Leste, Indonesia, and Vanuatu. We use population genomic data from ddRAD analyses of target populations with the 1534C mutation to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the mutant to test for clustering of SNPs based on the presence of the 1534C mutation rather than population origin. Our findings suggest spread of resistance alleles via genetic invasion, which is further supported by patterns from a genome-wide principal components analysis. These data point to movement of resistance alleles across wide areas with likely impacts on local control options.

中文翻译：

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白纹伊蚊（双翅目：蚊科）钠通道突变的多样性和分布

人们对白纹伊蚊（Skuse）的杀虫剂耐药性越来越感兴趣，因为随着城市化和控制力度的加强，其传播疾病的潜力正在增加。在这里，我们回顾了与拟除虫菊酯耐药性相关的电压敏感钠通道（Vssc）基因突变的存在和多样性，并报告了对新人群中这些突变的进一步调查及其传播分析。近年来，这些突变的已知多样性有所增加，包括鉴定出 26 个非同义突变，尽管将突变与耐药性相关联的表型数据仍然有限。我们提供了几个新地点的突变数据，包括东帝汶、印度尼西亚和瓦努阿图的突变数据。我们使用来自具有 1534C 突变的目标人群的 ddRAD 分析的群体基因组数据来识别与突变体相关的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)，以测试基于 1534C 突变的存在而不是群体起源的 SNP 聚类。我们的研究结果表明抗性等位基因通过基因入侵传播，全基因组主成分分析的模式进一步支持了这一点。这些数据表明抗性等位基因在大范围内的移动，可能对当地的控制选择产生影响。