The liver's unique characteristics have a profound impact on the priming and maintenance of adaptive immunity. This review delves into the cellular circuits that regulate adaptive immune responses in the liver, with a specific focus on hepatitis B virus infection as an illustrative example. A key aspect highlighted is the liver's specialized role in priming CD8+ T cells, leading to a distinct state of immune hyporesponsiveness. Additionally, the influence of the liver's hemodynamics and anatomical features, particularly during liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, on the differentiation and function of adaptive immune cells is discussed. While the primary emphasis is on CD8+ T cells, recent findings regarding the involvement of B cells and CD4+ T cells in hepatic immunity are also reviewed. Furthermore, we address the challenges ahead and propose integrating cutting-edge techniques, such as spatial biology, and combining mouse models with human sample analyses to gain comprehensive insights into the liver's adaptive immunity. This understanding could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting infectious diseases, malignancies, and inflammatory liver conditions like nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 42 is April 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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肝脏适应性免疫的启动和维持

肝脏的独特特征对适应性免疫的启动和维持具有深远的影响。这篇综述深入研究了调节肝脏适应性免疫反应的细胞回路，特别关注乙型肝炎病毒感染作为说明性例子。强调的一个关键方面是肝脏在启动 CD8 方面的特殊作用+T 细胞，导致明显的免疫低反应状态。此外，还讨论了肝脏的血流动力学和解剖特征，特别是在肝纤维化和肝硬化期间，对适应性免疫细胞的分化和功能的影响。虽然主要重点是 CD8+T 细胞，有关 B 细胞和 CD4 参与的最新发现+还回顾了肝脏免疫中的 T 细胞。此外，我们应对未来的挑战，并建议整合空间生物学等尖端技术，并将小鼠模型与人类样本分析相结合，以全面了解肝脏的适应性免疫。这种理解可以为针对传染病、恶性肿瘤和炎症性肝脏疾病（如非酒精性脂肪性肝炎和自身免疫性肝炎）的新治疗策略铺平道路。《免疫学年度评论》第 42 卷的预计最终在线出版日期为 2024 年 4 月。请参阅 http:// /www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计。