An important question for the causal modeling approach is how to integrate non-causal dependence relations such as asymmetric supervenience into the approach. The most prominent proposal to that effect (due to Gebharter) is to treat those dependence relationships as formally analogous to causal relationships. We argue that this proposal neglects some crucial differences between causal and non-causal dependencies, and that in the context of causal modeling non-causal dependence relationships should be represented as mutual dependence relationships. We develop a new kind of model – “hybrid models” - based on this suggestion, and formulate a set of axioms for those models. Our formalism has important implications for Kim's exclusion problem: whereas Gebharter's framework vindicates Kim's causal exclusion objection against nonreductive physicalism, our framework has no such implication, and can help non-reductive physicalists vindicate the efficacy of high-level properties. A further benefit of our formalism is that it yields a natural and plausible way of thinking about interventions in multi-level contexts.

中文翻译：

---

多层次环境中的因果建模：一项新提案

因果建模方法的一个重要问题是如何将非因果依赖关系（例如不对称附带性）集成到该方法中。对此最突出的建议（来自 Gebharter）是将这些依赖关系视为形式上类似于因果关系的建议。我们认为，该提议忽略了因果依赖关系和非因果依赖关系之间的一些关键区别，并且在因果建模的背景下，非因果依赖关系应该表示为相互依赖关系。我们根据这个建议开发了一种新的模型——“混合模型”，并为这些模型制定了一组公理。我们的形式主义对 Kim 的排除问题具有重要意义：虽然 Gebharter 的框架证明了 Kim 对非还原物理主义的因果排除反对，但我们的框架没有这样的含义，并且可以帮助非还原物理主义者证明高级属性的有效性。我们形式主义的另一个好处是，它产生了一种自然且合理的方式来思考多层次背景下的干预措施。