Background Extended reality technology, encompassing augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality, has the potential to enhance the teaching and performance of neuraxial procedures. The diverse applications of extended reality include immersive simulations and novel modes of procedural navigation. Objectives This scoping review aims to explore the preclinical, clinical, and educational applications of extended reality for neuraxial procedures while suggesting directions for future research. Evidence review A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar until December 2023. Additional sources were identified via citation searching of relevant articles. The findings are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Findings 41 studies, including three pending clinical trials were included. The majority of included studies were published after 2015. Extended reality technology was applied in diverse ways for teaching, simulation, and navigation, but only four of the completed studies described clinical use. For the display of visuals, computer screens were most commonly used, followed by head-mounted devices, laser projectors, and semi-transparent mirrors. Conclusions Interest in utilizing extended reality technology for neuraxial procedures is growing. Preliminary work shows promise for this technology in both education and clinical practice, but achieving accurate image registration without disrupting existing workflows remains an ongoing barrier to clinical testing. Additional research is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness and reliability of this technology.

中文翻译：

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椎管内麻醉和疼痛手术的扩展现实：范围界定审查

背景 扩展现实技术，包括增强现实、混合现实和虚拟现实，有潜力提高神经轴手术的教学和性能。扩展现实的多样化应用包括沉浸式模拟和新颖的程序导航模式。目标 本次范围审查旨在探索扩展现实在椎管内手术的临床前、临床和教育应用，同时为未来的研究方向提出建议。证据审查 截至 2023 年 12 月，我们在 PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials 和 Google Scholar 上进行了系统检索。通过相关文章的引文检索确定了其他来源。研究结果是使用系统评价的首选报告项目和范围界定评价的荟萃分析扩展 (PRISMA-ScR) 来报告的。结果包括 41 项研究，其中包括三项待决临床试验。大多数纳入的研究都是在 2015 年之后发表的。扩展现实技术以多种方式应用于教学、模拟和导航，但只有四项已完成的研究描述了临床应用。对于视觉效果的显示，最常用的是计算机屏幕，其次是头戴式设备、激光投影仪和半透明镜子。结论 人们对利用扩展现实技术进行椎管内手术的兴趣与日俱增。初步工作显示了这项技术在教育和临床实践中的前景，但在不破坏现有工作流程的情况下实现准确的图像配准仍然是临床测试的持续障碍。需要进行更多研究来评估该技术的成本效益和可靠性。