Anopheles gambiae s.l. has been the target of intense insecticide treatment since the mid-20th century to try and control malaria. A substitution in the ace-1 locus has been rapidly selected for, allowing resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Since then, two types of duplication of the ace-1 locus have been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations: homogeneous duplications that are composed of several resistance copies, or heterogeneous duplications that contain both resistance and susceptible copies. The substitution induces a trade-off between resistance in the presence of insecticides and disadvantages in their absence: the heterogeneous duplications allow the fixation of the intermediate heterozygote phenotype. So far, a single heterogeneous duplication has been described in An. gambiae s.l. populations (in contrast with the multiple duplicated alleles found in Culex pipiens mosquitoes). We used a new approach, combining long and short-read sequencing with Sanger sequencing to precisely identify and describe at least nine different heterogeneous duplications, in two populations of An. gambiae s.l. We show that these alleles share the same structure as the previously identified heterogeneous and homogeneous duplications, namely 203-kb tandem amplifications with conserved breakpoints. Our study sheds new light on the origin and maintenance of these alleles in An. gambiae s.l. populations, and their role in mosquito adaptation.

冈比亚按蚊 自20世纪中叶以来，疟疾一直是密集杀虫剂治疗的目标，以试图控制疟疾。ACE-1基因座的替换已被快速选择，从而产生对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂的抗性。此后，在 An 中发现了两种类型的ace-1基因座重复。冈比亚群岛 群体：由多个抗性拷贝组成的同质重复，或同时包含抗性和易感拷贝的异质重复。这种取代导致了杀虫剂存在时的抗性与杀虫剂不存在时的缺点之间的权衡：异质复制允许中间杂合子表型的固定。到目前为止，An 中已经描述了单个异构复制。冈比亚群岛 种群（与在淡色库蚊中发现的多个重复等位基因相反）。我们使用了一种新方法，将长读长和短读长测序与桑格测序相结合，以精确识别和描述两个按蚊种群中的至少九种不同的异质重复。冈比亚群岛 我们发现这些等位基因与先前鉴定的异质和同质重复具有相同的结构，即具有保守断点的 203 kb 串联扩增。我们的研究为 An 中这些等位基因的起源和维持提供了新的线索。冈比亚群岛 种群及其在蚊子适应中的作用。