Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection has applied significant evolutionary pressure to the mammalian immune system and remains a global economic and human health burden. Upon infection, type 2 immune sentinels activate a common antihelminth response that mobilizes and remodels the intestinal tissue for effector function; however, there is growing appreciation of the impact GIN infection also has on the distal tissue immune state. Indeed, this effect is observed even in tissues through which GINs never transit. This review highlights how GIN infection modulates systemic immunity through ( a) induction of host resistance and tolerance responses, ( b) secretion of immunomodulatory products, and ( c) interaction with the intestinal microbiome. It also discusses the direct consequences that changes to distal tissue immunity can have for concurrent and subsequent infection, chronic noncommunicable diseases, and vaccination efficacy.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 42 is April 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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胃肠道线虫的全身免疫调节

胃肠道线虫（GIN）感染给哺乳动物免疫系统带来了巨大的进化压力，并且仍然是全球经济和人类健康的负担。感染后，2 型免疫哨兵会激活常见的抗蠕虫反应，动员并重塑肠道组织以实现效应功能；然而，人们越来越认识到 GIN 感染对远端组织免疫状态的影响。事实上，即使在杜松子酒从未通过的组织中也能观察到这种效应。本综述重点介绍了 GIN 感染如何通过 (a) 诱导宿主抵抗和耐受反应，(b) 分泌免疫调节产物，以及 (c) 与肠道微生物组相互作用来调节全身免疫。它还讨论了远端组织免疫的变化可能对并发和后续感染、慢性非传染性疾病和疫苗接种效果产生的直接后果。《免疫学年度评论》第 42 卷的预计最终在线出版日期为 2024 年 4 月。请参阅 http: //www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计。