The nuclear lamina (NL) is a crucial component of the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and consists of lamin filaments and associated proteins. Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins essential for maintaining the integrity and mechanical properties of the nucleus. In human cells, ‘B-type’ lamins (lamin B1 and lamin B2) are ubiquitously expressed, while ‘A-type’ lamins (lamin A, lamin C, and minor isoforms) are expressed in a tissue- and development-specific manner. Lamins homopolymerize to form filaments that localize primarily near the INM, but A-type lamins also localize to and function in the nucleoplasm. Lamins play central roles in the assembly, structure, positioning, and mechanics of the nucleus, modulating cell signaling and influencing development, differentiation, and other activities. This review highlights recent findings on the structure and regulation of lamin filaments, providing insights into their multifaceted functions, including their role as “mechanosensors”, delving into the emerging significance of lamin filaments as vital links between cytoskeletal and nuclear structures, chromatin organization, and the genome.

核纤层(NL) 是内核膜 (INM) 的重要组成部分，由核纤层纤丝和相关蛋白质组成。核纤层蛋白是维持细胞核完整性和机械性能所必需的 V 型中间丝蛋白。在人类细胞中，“B 型”核纤层蛋白（核纤层蛋白 B1 和核纤层蛋白 B2）普遍表达，而“A 型”核纤层蛋白（核纤层蛋白 A、核纤层蛋白 C 和次亚型）以组织和发育特异性方式表达。核纤层蛋白均聚形成主要位于 INM 附近的细丝，但 A 型核纤层蛋白也定位于核质并在核质中发挥作用。核纤层蛋白在细胞核的组装、结构、定位和力学中发挥着核心作用，调节细胞信号传导并影响发育、分化和其他活动。这篇综述重点介绍了核纤层蛋白丝的结构和调控的最新发现，深入了解了核纤层蛋白丝的多方面功能，包括它们作为“机械传感器”的作用，深入探讨了核纤层蛋白丝作为细胞骨架和核结构、染色质组织和细胞核结构之间重要联系的新兴重要性。基因组。