Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cHABs) are increasingly becoming an emerging threat to aquatic life, ecotourism, and certain real estate investments. Their spontaneous yet sporadic occurrence has made mitigation measures a cumbersome task; moreover, current trends regarding anthropogenic activities, especially in agriculture and industry portend further undesirable events. Apart from the aesthetic degeneration they create in their respective habitats, they are equally capable of secreting toxins, which altogether present grave environmental and medical consequences. In this paper, we gave an update on factors that influence cHABs, cyanotoxin exposure routes, and environmental public health implications, especially impacts on fish, pets, and livestock. We discussed social economic impacts, risk assessment, and management problems for cHABs and, thereafter, assessed the extant management approaches including prevention, control, and mitigation of the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms. In light of this, we suggest that more intensified research should be directed to the standardization of procedures for cyanotoxin analysis. Also, the provision of standardized reference material for the quantification of cyanotoxins is vital for routine monitoring as well as the development of strong in situ sensors capable of quantifying and detecting HABs cells and toxins in waterbodies to prevent the adverse impacts of cHABs. Also, more investigations into the natural and environmentally friendly approach to cyanobacteria management and the necessary and appropriate deployment of artificial intelligence are required. Finally, we wish to redirect the focus of public health authorities to protecting drinking water supply sources, agriculture products, and food sources from cyanotoxins contamination as well as to implement proper monitoring and treatment procedures to protect citizens from this potential health threat.

蓝藻有害藻华 (cHAB) 日益成为水生生物、生态旅游和某些房地产投资的新威胁。它们自发而零星地发生，使得缓解措施成为一项繁琐的任务；此外，当前人类活动的趋势，特别是农业和工业领域的活动，预示着会出现更多不良事件。除了它们在各自的栖息地造成的审美退化之外，它们同样能够分泌毒素，这总共带来了严重的环境和医疗后果。在本文中，我们更新了影响 cHAB 的因素、蓝藻毒素暴露途径以及环境公共卫生影响，特别是对鱼类、宠物和牲畜的影响。我们讨论了 cHAB 的社会经济影响、风险评估和管理问题，随后评估了现有的管理方法，包括预防、控制和缓解蓝藻水华扩散。有鉴于此，我们建议应针对蓝毒素分析程序的标准化开展更深入的研究。此外，提供用于定量蓝藻毒素的标准化参考材料对于日常监测以及开发能够定量和检测水体中的 HAB 细胞和毒素以防止 cHAB 的不利影响的强大原位传感器至关重要。此外，还需要对蓝藻管理的自然和环境友好方法以及人工智能的必要和适当部署进行更多研究。最后，我们希望将公共卫生当局的重点转向保护饮用水供应源、农产品和食品来源免受蓝藻毒素污染，并实施适当的监测和治疗程序，以保护公民免受这种潜在的健康威胁。