The members of the international courts and tribunals are expected to be independent and impartial. Their constituent instruments normally contain rules which aim at ensuring the independence and impartiality of judges and arbitrators. Such rules typically include provisions addressing activities incompatible with the judicial office, bars to the participation of a judge or an arbitrator in a particular case, when doubts about his/her impartiality arise. They sometimes address but are oftentimes silent on withdrawal, recusal or challenge. This article explores what types of activities can be said to be incompatible with the exercise of judicial functions or to bar the participation of a judge or an arbitrator in a particular case so as to shape the contours of the notions of impartiality and independence. It examines the existing normative arrangements and the practice of inter-State courts and tribunals, including the procedures and practice on withdrawal, recusal, challenge and the standard applied or applicable in assessing whether the requirements for independence and impartiality of international adjudicators have been met.

中文翻译：

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从不相容活动、取消资格和质疑的角度看独立性和公正性：国际法院、国际海洋法法庭和国家间仲裁

国际法院和法庭的成员应保持独立和公正。其组成文书通常载有旨在确保法官和仲裁员的独立性和公正性的规则。此类规则通常包括处理与司法机关不相容的活动的规定，以及在对法官或仲裁员的公正性产生怀疑时禁止法官或仲裁员参与特定案件的规定。他们有时会发表讲话，但常常对撤回、回避或质疑保持沉默。本文探讨了哪些类型的活动可以被认为与司法职能的行使不相容或禁止法官或仲裁员参与特定案件，以塑造公正和独立概念的轮廓。它审查了国家间法院和法庭的现有规范安排和实践，包括撤回、回避、质疑的程序和实践，以及在评估国际审判员的独立性和公正性要求是否得到满足时适用或适用的标准。