Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a primary mediator of inflammatory processes by facilitating cell death, immune cell activation and triggering of inflammation. In the cancer context, research has revealed TNF as a multifaceted cytokine that can be both pro- or anti-tumorigenic depending on what context is observed. We explore the plethora of ways that TNF and its receptors manipulate the functional and phenotypic characteristics in the tumour microenvironment (TME) on both tumour cells and immune cells, promoting either tumour elimination or progression. Here, we discuss the latest cutting-edge TNF-focused biologics currently in clinical translation that modifies the TME to derive greater immune responses and therapeutic outcomes, and further give perspectives on the future of targeting TNF in the context of cancer by emerging technological approaches.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤微环境中肿瘤坏死因子通过TNF受体1和TNF受体2信号传导的分子机制

肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) 是炎症过程的主要介质，可促进细胞死亡、免疫细胞激活和引发炎症。在癌症方面，研究表明 TNF 是一种多方面的细胞因子，根据观察到的情况，它既可以促进肿瘤发生，也可以抗肿瘤发生。我们探索了 TNF 及其受体操纵肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞的肿瘤微环境 (TME) 功能和表型特征的多种方式，从而促进肿瘤消除或进展。在这里，我们讨论目前正在临床转化的最新尖端 TNF 生物制剂，这些生物制剂修改 TME 以获得更好的免疫反应和治疗结果，并进一步展望通过新兴技术方法在癌症背景下靶向 TNF 的未来。