Do pregnant mothers have foetuses as parts? According to the ‘parthood view’, they do, while according to the ‘containment view’, they don’t. This paper raises a novel puzzle about pregnancy: If mothers have their foetuses as parts, then wherever there is a pregnant mother, there is also a smaller thinking being that has every part of the mother except for those that overlap with the foetus. This problem resembles a familiar overpopulation puzzle from the personal identity literature, known as the ‘Thinking Parts Problem’, but it's not merely a special case of that problem. Rather, the fact that late-term foetuses have a mental life of their own makes the Problem of Pregnant Thinkers, as I will call it, a sui generis and especially recalcitrant problem.

中文翻译：

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怀孕的思想家

怀孕的妈妈有胎儿吗？根据“部分观点”，他们这样做，而根据“遏制观点”，他们不这样做。这篇论文提出了一个关于怀孕的新谜题：如果母亲将胎儿作为一部分，那么只要有怀孕的母亲，就会有一个更小的思维存在，它拥有母亲的所有部分，除了与胎儿重叠的部分。这个问题类似于个人身份文献中常见的人口过剩难题，称为“思维部分问题”，但它不仅仅是该问题的一个特例。相反，晚期胎儿有自己的心理生活，这一事实使得“怀孕思考者问题”（我将称之为“妊娠思考者问题”）成为一个自成一体且特别顽固的问题。