Heavy metal ions in wastewater pose significant ecological risks, necessitating effective removal methods. This review critically examines Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) technology, a forefront solution that integrates green technologies for sustainable and cost-effective heavy metal removal. ELM stands out for its environmentally friendly approach, utilizing non-toxic and biodegradable materials such as green solvents derived from vegetable and plant origin that align with green chemistry principles. We thoroughly examine ELM's core principles, mechanisms, components, and key performance metrics, focusing on its application in wastewater and aqueous solutions. We present a detailed parametric study examining factors influencing ELM's stability and efficiency. Significantly, this review assesses recent advancements in Emulsion Ionic Liquid Membrane (EILM) and Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane (PELM). These novel methods are evaluated as potential solutions to overcome ELM's stability challenges, and their performance in heavy metal removal is compared with traditional ELM. Additionally, this paper underscores the application of the design of experiments methodology as a strategic approach to optimize ELM's efficiency and stability, marking a critical advancement in this field.

废水中的重金属离子构成重大生态风险，需要有效的去除方法。本次审查严格审查了乳液液膜 (ELM) 技术，这是一种集成绿色技术的前沿解决方案，可实现可持续且经济高效的重金属去除。ELM 因其环保方法而脱颖而出，采用无毒且可生物降解的材料，例如源自蔬菜和植物的绿色溶剂，符合绿色化学原理。我们彻底研究了 ELM 的核心原理、机制、组件和关键性能指标，重点关注其在废水和水溶液中的应用。我们提出了一项详细的参数研究，检查影响 ELM 稳定性和效率的因素。值得注意的是，这篇综述评估了乳液离子液体膜（EILM）和皮克林乳液液体膜（PELM）的最新进展。这些新颖方法被评估为克服 ELM 稳定性挑战的潜在解决方案，并将它们在重金属去除方面的性能与传统 ELM 进行了比较。此外，本文强调了实验设计方法的应用作为优化 ELM 效率和稳定性的战略方法，标志着该领域的关键进步。