INTRODUCTION Little is known about patterns of dual use of tobacco and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), especially regarding the factors that lead people to choose either product in particular situations. Identifying contextual factors that are associated with product use would enhance understanding of the maintenance of dual product use. METHODS Individuals who dual use (N=102) completed ecological momentary assessment surveys via text message regarding recent use of tobacco and e-cigarettes for two weeks. Product legality, availability, craving, the presence of other people who smoke/vape, and social disapproval were assessed. Data were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression to identify factors associated with likelihood of tobacco versus e-cigarette use. RESULTS Contexts associated with increased likelihood of using tobacco rather than e-cigarettes included being in the presence of other people who smoke (OR=2.74, p<.0001) and experiencing elevated tobacco cigarette craving (OR=3.51, p<.0001). Decreased likelihood of tobacco over e-cigarette use was associated with smoking restrictions (OR=0.26, p=.003), the presence of other people who vape (OR=0.46, p<.0001), and experiencing elevated e-cigarette craving (OR=0.23, p<.0001). The legality of e-cigarettes, social disapproval, and the availability of the alternative product were not significantly associated with use of one product over the other. An individual difference score of relative tobacco (vs. e-cigarette) use pattern did not significantly moderate these effects. CONCLUSIONS This study provided essential information regarding behavioral patterns of dual use, which informs our understanding of people who dual use. Contexts such as smoking restrictions, craving, and social context significantly differentiated between use of tobacco and e-cigarettes. This suggests product-specific motivations for dual use of tobacco and e-cigarettes in people who use both. IMPLICATIONS This study assessed the relationship between momentary contextual factors and dual use in a nationally recruited sample of people who dual use. Assessments of dual use in daily life provided novel information regarding patterns of dual use as well as differential use-motivations for each product. This information will be essential to build a theoretical framework of dual use of tobacco and e-cigarettes.

中文翻译：

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对双重吸食者使用烟草或电子烟相关背景因素的评估。

引言 人们对烟草和电子烟（电子烟）的双重使用模式知之甚少，特别是关于导致人们在特定情况下选择任一产品的因素。识别与产品使用相关的背景因素将增强对双重产品使用维护的理解。方法双重使用的个体（N = 102）通过短信完成了关于近期使用烟草和电子烟两周的生态瞬时评估调查。对产品的合法性、可用性、渴望、其他吸烟者的存在以及社会的反对程度进行了评估。使用分层逻辑回归分析数据，以确定与烟草和电子烟使用可能性相关的因素。结果 与使用烟草而不是电子烟的可能性增加相关的环境包括存在其他吸烟者 (OR=2.74, p<.0001) 和对烟草的渴望增加 (OR=3.51, p<.0001) 。与电子烟相比，使用烟草的可能性降低与吸烟限制（OR = 0.26，p = .003）、其他吸电子烟的人的存在（OR = 0.46，p < .0001）以及对电子烟的渴望增加有关（OR=0.23，p<.0001）。电子烟的合法性、社会不认可度以及替代产品的可用性与使用一种产品相对于另一种产品没有显着相关性。相对烟草（与电子烟）使用模式的个体差异评分并没有显着减轻这些影响。结论 这项研究提供了有关双重用途的行为模式的重要信息，这有助于我们了解双重用途的人。吸烟限制、吸烟渴望和社会背景等背景在烟草和电子烟的使用之间存在显着差异。这表明同时使用烟草和电子烟的人有特定产品的动机。意义 这项研究在全国范围内招募的双重使用人群样本中评估了瞬时背景因素与双重使用之间的关系。对日常生活中的双重使用的评估提供了有关双重使用模式以及每种产品的不同使用动机的新颖信息。这些信息对于建立烟草和电子烟双重使用的理论框架至关重要。