Antibodies that can bind to viruses but are unable to block infection in cell culture are known as "nonneutralizing antibodies." Such antibodies are nearly universally elicited following viral infection and have been characterized in viral infections such as influenza, rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. It has been widely assumed that these nonneutralizing antibodies do not function in a protective way in vivo and therefore are not desirable targets of antiviral interventions; however, increasing evidence now shows this not to be true. Several virus-specific nonneutralizing antibody responses have been correlated with protection in human studies and also shown to significantly reduce virus replication in animal models. The mechanisms by which many of these antibodies function is only now coming to light. While nonneutralizing antibodies cannot prevent viruses entering their host cell, nonneutralizing antibodies work in the extracellular space to recruit effector proteins or cells that can destroy the antibody-virus complex. Other nonneutralizing antibodies exert their effects inside cells, either by blocking the virus life cycle directly or by recruiting the intracellular Fc receptor TRIM21. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of ways in which nonneutralizing antibodies function against a range of viral infections.

中文翻译：

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非中和抗病毒抗体的保护机制。

可以与病毒结合但无法阻止细胞培养物感染的抗体被称为“非中和抗体”。此类抗体几乎普遍在病毒感染后产生，并且在流感、轮状病毒、巨细胞病毒、HIV 和 SARS-CoV-2 等病毒感染中具有特征。人们普遍认为这些非中和性抗体在体内不发挥保护作用，因此不是抗病毒干预的理想目标；然而，现在越来越多的证据表明事实并非如此。在人类研究中，几种病毒特异性非中和抗体反应与保护作用相关，并且在动物模型中也显示出可显着减少病毒复制。许多抗体发挥作用的机制现在才被揭示。虽然非中和性抗体不能阻止病毒进入宿主细胞，但非中和性抗体在细胞外空间发挥作用，招募可以破坏抗体-病毒复合物的效应蛋白或细胞。其他非中和性抗体通过直接阻断病毒生命周期或通过招募细胞内 Fc 受体 TRIM21 在细胞内发挥作用。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论非中和抗体对抗一系列病毒感染的多种方式。