Moral foundations theory has been a generative framework in moral psychology in the last 2 decades. Here, we revisit the theory and develop a new measurement tool, the Moral Foundations Questionnaire-2 (MFQ-2), based on data from 25 populations. We demonstrate empirically that equality and proportionality are distinct moral foundations while retaining the other four existing foundations of care, loyalty, authority, and purity. Three studies were conducted to develop the MFQ-2 and to examine how the nomological network of moral foundations varies across 25 populations. Study 1 (N = 3,360, five populations) specified a refined top-down approach for measurement of moral foundations. Study 2 (N = 3,902, 19 populations) used a variety of methods (e.g., factor analysis, exploratory structural equations model, network psychometrics, alignment measurement equivalence) to provide evidence that the MFQ-2 fares well in terms of reliability and validity across cultural contexts. We also examined population-level, religious, ideological, and gender differences using the new measure. Study 3 (N = 1,410, three populations) provided evidence for convergent validity of the MFQ-2 scores, expanded the nomological network of the six moral foundations, and demonstrated the improved predictive power of the measure compared with the original MFQ. Importantly, our results showed how the nomological network of moral foundations varied across cultural contexts: consistent with a pluralistic view of morality, different foundations were influential in the network of moral foundations depending on cultural context. These studies sharpen the theoretical and methodological resolution of moral foundations theory and provide the field of moral psychology a more accurate instrument for investigating the many ways that moral conflicts and divisions are shaping the modern world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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超越怪异的道德：道德的法则网络如何因文化而异。

在过去的二十年里，道德基础理论一直是道德心理学的生成框架。在这里，我们重新审视该理论，并根据 25 个人群的数据开发了一种新的测量工具，即道德基础问卷-2 (MFQ-2)。我们凭经验证明，平等和相称是不同的道德基础，同时保留其他四个现有基础：关怀、忠诚、权威和纯洁。进行了三项研究来开发 MFQ-2 并研究道德基础的法则网络在 25 个人群中的变化。研究 1（N = 3,360，五个人群）指定了一种改进的自上而下的道德基础衡量方法。研究 2（N = 3,902，19 个人群）使用了多种方法（例如，因子分析、探索性结构方程模型、网络心理测量学、一致性测量等效性）来提供证据，证明 MFQ-2 在整个研究中的可靠性和有效性方面表现良好。文化背景。我们还使用新的衡量标准检查了人口水平、宗教、意识形态和性别差异。研究 3（N = 1,410，三个人群）为 MFQ-2 分数的收敛有效性提供了证据，扩展了六个道德基础的法理网络，并证明了与原始 MFQ 相比，该测量的预测能力有所提高。重要的是，我们的结果表明，道德基础的法理网络在不同文化背景下是如何变化的：与多元道德观相一致，不同的基础对道德基础网络的影响取决于文化背景。这些研究强化了道德基础理论的理论和方法论解析，并为道德心理学领域提供了更准确的工具来研究道德冲突和分歧塑造现代世界的多种方式。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。