Enterotoxin adjuvants have been researched for their ability to promote immunity to co-delivered antigens. Outside of cholera vaccines, however, these proteins have yet to be included in any currently licensed vaccines. They include molecules derived from the bacterial toxins of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, or Escherichia coli, heat-labile toxin, such as detoxified mutants or subunits. This class of adjuvants is distinguished by their delivery possibilities, which include parenteral injection, skin applications, or direct mucosal administration by oral, sublingual, or nasal routes. In addition, inclusion of an enterotoxin adjuvant is associated with development of multifaceted cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccination. Here, we review exciting progress in the past few years in clinical trials for safety and efficacy, preclinical vaccines studies, and new mechanistic insights for enterotoxin adjuvants. This includes recent reports of their use in vaccines targeting microbial infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) or substance abuse drugs.

人们已经研究了肠毒素佐剂促进对共递送抗原的免疫力的能力。然而，除了霍乱疫苗之外，这些蛋白质尚未包含在任何目前获得许可的疫苗中。它们包括源自霍乱弧菌、霍乱毒素或大肠杆菌、不耐热毒素的细菌毒素的分子，例如解毒突变体或亚基。此类佐剂的特点在于其递送可能性，包括肠胃外注射、皮肤应用或通过口腔、舌下或鼻途径直接粘膜给药。此外，肠毒素佐剂的加入与疫苗接种的多方面细胞和体液免疫反应的发展有关。在这里，我们回顾了过去几年在安全性和有效性临床试验、临床前疫苗研究以及肠毒素佐剂新机制见解方面取得的令人兴奋的进展。这包括最近关于它们用于针对微生物感染（细菌、病毒、寄生虫）或药物滥用药物的疫苗的报道。