The question of human rights and energy has been traditionally framed as an analysis of limitations on energy transactions arising from substantive and procedural human rights. Whereas the negative externality framing of human rights sets safeguards against the adverse effects of energy transactions and thereby restrains how such transactions are conducted, it overlooks a more fundamental dimension, the conferral of entitlements. Indeed, human rights define entitlements over energy resources, setting competing claims that limit not only how energy transactions are conducted but also the very power to conduct them in the first place. The entitlement dimension of human rights also unveils a wider question, namely the competing claims of a variety of collective subjects against the entitlement of the territorial or coastal States. In other words, such reframing opposes two logics of international law, each based on a different conception of the source from which entitlements flow. This article investigates the externality-avoidance and entitlement function of human rights in the context of international energy transactions. It reviews the most relevant judicial and quasi-judicial practice at the international level to illustrate the implications of framing the function of human rights from one or the other perspective.

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超越外部性：人权作为能源权利的基础

人权与能源问题传统上被视为对实质性和程序性人权所产生的能源交易限制的分析。尽管人权的负外部性框架设置了针对能源交易不利影响的保障措施，从而限制了此类交易的进行方式，但它忽视了一个更基本的维度，即权利的授予。事实上，人权定义了对能源资源的权利，提出了相互竞争的主张，不仅限制了能源交易的进行方式，而且首先限制了进行能源交易的权力。人权的权利层面还揭示了一个更广泛的问题，即各种集体主体对领土或沿海国权利的相互竞争的主张。换句话说，这种重构违背了国际法的两种逻辑，每种逻辑都基于对权利来源的不同概念。本文研究了国际能源交易背景下人权的外部性避免和权利功能。它回顾了国际层面最相关的司法和准司法实践，以说明从一个或另一个角度构建人权功能的影响。