Parenting and children's temperament are important influences on language development. However, temperament may reflect prior parenting, and parenting effects may reflect genes common to parents and children. In 561 U.S. adoptees (57% male) and their birth and rearing parents (70% and 92% White, 13% and 4% African American, and 7% and 2% Latinx, respectively), this study demonstrated how genetic propensity for temperament affects language development, and how this relates to parenting. Genetic propensity for negative emotionality inversely predicted language at 27 months (β = −.15) and evoked greater maternal warmth (β = .12), whereas propensity for surgency positively predicted language at 4.5 years (β = .20), especially when warmth was low. Parental warmth (β = .15) and sensitivity (β = .19) further contributed to language development, controlling for common gene effects.

中文翻译：

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理清遗传和环境对早期语言发展的影响：在一项收养研究中，负面情绪和冲动的遗传倾向与养育行为对早期语言技能的影响之间的相互作用

父母教养和孩子的气质对语言发展有重要影响。然而，气质可能反映了先前的养育方式，养育效应可能反映了父母和孩子共有的基因。这项研究在 561 名美国被收养者（57% 男性）及其亲生父母和养育父母（分别为 70% 和 92% 白人、13% 和 4% 非裔美国人、7% 和 2% 拉丁裔）中展示了气质的遗传倾向如何影响影响语言发展，以及这与养育子女的关系。负面情绪的遗传倾向与 27 个月大时的语言能力呈负相关 ( β  = -.15)，并会引起更大的母性温暖 ( β  = .12)，而手术倾向则对 4.5 岁时的语言能力有正向预测 ( β  = .20)，尤其是在温暖时很低。父母的温暖 ( β  = .15) 和敏感性 ( β  = .19) 进一步促进了语言发展，控制了常见的基因效应。