In arid and semi-arid environments, soil salinization has a negative impact on agricultural systems and natural vegetation. For the reforestation of low-to medium-salinity soils in Morocco, which borders one of the world's largest deserts, the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is essential. Therefore, early and late kernels were used in this study to investigate the effect of various salt levels on germination, antioxidant enzyme activities, and metabolite alterations. In terms of results, the kernels of late fruits had better germination performances under 102.6 mmol/L NaCl salinity. The final germination percentage (FGP) at the last count was at its maximum (54.4%), and the germination speed index (GSI) was significantly high, reaching 12.8 ± 0.8. Proline and sugar metabolites, as well as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities, have increased as salinity increased up to 102.6 mmol/L, followed by a dramatic decrease beyond 136.8 mmol/L, mainly for the early kernels. However, the late kernels have performed better in triggering adjustment pathways before entering their irreversible state. These findings represent another contribution toward comprehending the processes underlying the argan tree's resilience, which is critical to reversing desertification and soil degradation inside and potentially beyond its current biosphere.

在干旱和半干旱环境中，土壤盐碱化对农业系统和自然植被产生负面影响。摩洛哥毗邻世界上最大的沙漠之一，对于低至中盐度土壤的重新造林来说，摩洛哥坚果树（Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels）至关重要。因此，本研究使用早期和晚期的籽粒来研究不同盐水平对发芽、抗氧化酶活性和代谢物改变的影响。结果表明，晚果籽粒在102.6 mmol/L NaCl盐度下具有较好的发芽性能。最后一次计数的最终发芽率（FGP）最高（54.4%），发芽速度指数（GSI）显着较高，达到12.8±0.8。脯氨酸和糖代谢物以及过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POX）活性随着盐度增加至102.6 mmol/L而增加，随后急剧下降至超过136.8 mmol/L，主要针对早期籽粒。然而，晚期内核在进入不可逆状态之前在触发调整路径方面表现更好。这些发现代表了对理解摩洛哥坚果树恢复力背后的过程的另一贡献，这对于扭转其当前生物圈内部和潜在外部的荒漠化和土壤退化至关重要。