Researchers are swarming to nanotechnology because of its potentially game-changing applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This fast-growing, cutting-edge technology is trying different approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles of specific sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized using physical and chemical processes; there is an urgent demand to establish environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways for their synthesis. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a simple, economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly method. In particular, phytoassisted plant extract synthesis is easy, reliable, and expeditious. Diverse phytochemicals present in the extract of various plant organs such as root, leaf, and flower are used as a source of reducing as well as stabilizing agents during production. Green synthesis is based on principles like prevention/minimization of waste, reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of safer (or non-toxic) solvent/auxiliaries as well as renewable feedstock. Being free of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals and the addition of external stabilizing or capping agents makes the nanoparticles produced using green synthesis methods particularly desirable. Different metallic nanomaterials are produced using phytoassisted synthesis methods, such as silver, zinc, gold, copper, titanium, magnesium, and silicon. Due to significant differences in physical and chemical properties between nanoparticles and their micro/macro counterparts, their characterization becomes essential. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques have been employed for conformational details of nanoparticles, like shape, size, dispersity, homogeneity, surface structure, and inter-particle interactions. UV–visible spectroscopy is used to examine the optical properties of NPs in solution. XRD analysis confirms the purity and phase of NPs and provides information about crystal size and symmetry. AFM, SEM, and TEM are employed for analyzing the morphological structure and particle size of NPs. The nature and kind of functional groups or bioactive compounds that might account for the reduction and stabilization of NPs are detected by FTIR analysis. The elemental composition of synthesized NPs is determined using EDS analysis. Nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have broad applications and serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Various metal and metal oxide NPs such as Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), copper oxide (CuO), etc. have been proven to have a positive effect on plant growth and development. They play a potentially important role in the germination of seeds, plant growth, flowering, photosynthesis, and plant yield. The present review highlights the pathways of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, various techniques used for their characterization, and their possible roles in the physiology of plants.

研究人员纷纷涌向纳米技术，因为它在医学、制药和农业方面具有潜在的改变游戏规则的应用。这种快速发展的尖端技术正在尝试不同的方法来合成特定尺寸和形状的纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒（NP）已通过物理和化学过程成功合成；迫切需要建立环境可接受且可持续的合成方法。纳米颗粒合成的绿色方法已成为一种简单、经济、可持续和环境友好的方法。特别是，植物辅助植物提取物合成简单、可靠且快捷。各种植物器官（例如根、叶和花）的提取物中存在多种植物化学物质，在生产过程中用作还原剂和稳定剂的来源。绿色合成基于预防/最小化废物、减少衍生物/污染以及使用更安全（或无毒）溶剂/助剂以及可再生原料等原则。由于没有恶劣的操作条件（高温和高压）、危险化学品以及添加外部稳定剂或封端剂，使得使用绿色合成方法生产的纳米颗粒特别理想。采用植物辅助合成方法生产不同的金属纳米材料，如银、锌、金、铜、钛、镁和硅。由于纳米颗粒与其微观/宏观对应物之间的物理和化学性质存在显着差异，因此它们的表征变得至关重要。各种显微和光谱技术已用于研究纳米颗粒的构象细节，如形状、尺寸、分散性、均匀性、表面结构和颗粒间相互作用。紫外可见光谱用于检查溶液中纳米颗粒的光学性质。XRD 分析可确认纳米颗粒的纯度和相，并提供有关晶体尺寸和对称性的信息。采用 AFM、SEM 和 TEM 来分析 NP 的形态结构和粒径。通过 FTIR 分析可以检测可能导致纳米颗粒减少和稳定的官能团或生物活性化合物的性质和种类。使用 EDS 分析确定合成纳米颗粒的元素组成。通过绿色方法合成的纳米粒子具有广泛的应用，可用作抗菌剂和抗真菌剂。各种金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒，如银（Ag）、铜（Cu）、金（Au）、二氧化硅（SiO ₂）、氧化锌（ZnO）、二氧化钛（TiO _{2 ）}）、氧化铜（CuO）等已被证明对植物生长发育具有积极作用。它们在种子发芽、植物生长、开花、光合作用和植物产量中发挥着潜在的重要作用。本综述重点介绍了纳米颗粒的植物合成途径、用于表征其特征的各种技术以及它们在植物生理学中的可能作用。