This study aimed to i) explore the land-use effect (former lakebed, pasture, and agricultural areas) on elemental concentrations, enrichment factors (EF_s), and geo-accumulation indices (Igeo_s), ii) provide X-ray diffractograms of the primary minerals and identify the clay minerals dominant in each land-use scenario, iii) map the spatial distribution of elemental concentration, EF_s, and Igeo_s using Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) approaches. We collected a total of 240 soil samples. Our findings highlight that vermiculite was a common clay-sized mineral, and aragonite, gypsum, and calcite were dominant primary minerals in each land-use. The remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI) were used to calculate some environmental covariates useful for digital mapping of elemental concentrations, EF_s, and Igeo_s. The highest concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was found in the prediction of Hg (CCC = 0.79) using remote sensing data based on Sentinel-2 with the Random forest (RF) model. There is neither threat in terms of Cu, Zn, and Pb nor the impact of anthropogenic activities in their distribution under each land-use scenario. The study area was enriched with Hg, Cd, and Ni (very high, EF = 20–40), followed by Cr (significant, EF = 5.88) and As (moderate, EF = 2.08). A similar trend was also found for Igeo_s across the study area. We conclude that the distribution of elemental concentration, EF_s, and Igeo_s were significantly affected by the shrinking of the Burdur Lake and the different land-use scenarios in this semi-arid region.

本研究旨在 i) 探索土地利用（前湖床、牧场和农业区）对元素浓度、富集因子 (EF _s ) 和地质累积指数 (Igeo _s ) 的影响，ii) 提供 X 射线衍射图的主要矿物并确定在每种土地利用情景中占主导地位的粘土矿物，iii) 使用数字土壤测绘（DSM _{）方法绘制元素浓度、 EF}和 Igeo的空间分布图。我们总共采集了 240 个土壤样本。我们的研究结果强调，蛭石是一种常见的粘土大小的矿物，文石、石膏和方解石是每种土地利用中的主要主要矿物。遥感数据（Sentinel-2 MSI 和 Landsat-8 OLI）用于计算一些可用于元素浓度、EF s 和_Igeo s_数字绘图的环境协变量。使用基于 Sentinel-2 的遥感数据和随机森林 (RF) 模型预测汞 (CCC = 0.79) 时发现最高的一致性相关系数 (CCC)。在每种土地利用情景下，铜、锌和铅的分布均不存在威胁​​，也不存在人类活动对其分布的影响。研究区域富含汞、镉和镍（非常高，EF = 20-40），其次是铬（显着，EF = 5.88）和砷（中等，EF = 2.08）。整个研究区域的_Igeo也发现了类似的趋势。_{我们得出的结论是，元素浓度、EF s}和 Igeo _s的分布受到布尔杜尔湖缩小和该半干旱地区不同土地利用情景的显着影响。