Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is rare paraneoplastic syndrome of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, caused by phosphaturic factors secreted by small mesenchymal origin tumors with distinct pathological features, called ‘phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors’. FGF23 is the most well-characterized of the phosphaturic factors. Tumors are often small and located anywhere in the body from head to toe, which makes the localisation challenging. Functional imaging by somatostatin receptor-based PET imaging is the first line investigation, which should be followed with CT or MRI based anatomical imaging. Once localised, complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, which brings dramatic resolution of symptoms. Medical management in the form of phosphate and active vitamin D supplements is given as a bridge to surgical management or in inoperable/non-localised patients. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of TIO, including the recent advances and directions for future research in this field.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤诱发的骨软化症：概述

肿瘤诱发的骨软化症（TIO）是一种罕见的低磷血症性骨软化症副肿瘤综合征，由具有独特病理特征的小型间质来源肿瘤（称为“磷酸盐间质肿瘤”）分泌磷酸盐因子引起。 FGF23 是最有特点的磷酸盐因子。肿瘤通常很小并且位于身体从头到脚的任何地方，这使得定位具有挑战性。基于生长抑素受体的 PET 成像的功能成像是一线研究，随后应进行基于 CT 或 MRI 的解剖成像。一旦局部化，完全手术切除是首选治疗方法，这可以显着缓解症状。磷酸盐和活性维生素 D 补充剂形式的医疗管理可作为手术治疗或无法手术/非局部患者的桥​​梁。本文综述了TIO的流行病学、病理生理学、病理学、临​​床特征、诊断和治疗，包括该领域的最新进展和未来研究方向。