A 12-week feeding trial with juvenile red drum () fed high-soybean meal (SBM) diets was conducted to investigate a putative biomarker of nutritional imbalance, N-formimino-L-glutamate (FIGLU). Three fishmeal-free, 60% SBM pelleted diets (named B12, Fol, and Met, respectively) were tested to evaluate the effects on growth performance and tissue metabolite profiles of supplementation of vitamin B (0.012 mg/kg), folate (10 mg/kg), methionine (1 g/kg) respectively, above basal supplementation levels. A fourth SBM-based diet (named B12/Fol/Met) was formulated with a combination of B, folate, and methionine to attain the above-mentioned target concentrations. A fifth 60% SBM diet (named FWS) with methionine supplementation (1 g/kg above basal supplementation levels), enriched with taurine, lysine and threonine as well as minerals, was also tested. This diet contained formulation targets and additives which have allowed for replacing fishmeal with plant proteins in rainbow trout feeds. Control diets included a fishmeal-based diet (named FM), an unsupplemented basal 60% SBM diet (named SBM60), and a “natural” diet (named N) made up of equal parts of fish (cigar minnows), squid and shrimp as a positive reference for growth performance. Formulated feeds contained approximately 37% total crude protein, approximately 14% total crude lipid and were energetically balanced. Standard growth performance metrics were measured, and tissues (liver, muscle) were collected at week 12 to evaluate diet-induced metabolic changes using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Our results show that the FWS diet outperformed all other SBM diets and the FM diet under all performance metrics ( < 0.05). FIGLU was not detected in fish fed the N diet but was detected in those fed the SBM diets and the FM diet. Fish fed the FWS diet and the Met diet showed lower hepatic levels of FIGLU compared with the other SBM-based diets ( < 0.05), suggesting that among the different supplementation regimes, methionine supplementation was associated with lower FIGLU levels. The FWS diet produced tissue metabolite profiles that were more similar to those of fish fed the N diet. Based on our results, the FWS diet constitutes a promising SBM-based alternative diet to fishmeal for red drum.

中文翻译：

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使用基于 NMR 的代谢组学评估饲喂 60% 豆粕日粮的幼年红石首鱼 (Sciaenops ocellatus) 营养失衡的肝脏生物标志物

采用高豆粕 (SBM) 饲料喂养的幼鱼进行了为期 12 周的喂养试验，以研究营养不平衡的假定生物标志物 N-甲亚氨基-L-谷氨酸 (FIGLU)。对三种不含鱼粉的 60% SBM 颗粒饲料（分别命名为 B12、Fol 和 Met）进行了测试，以评估补充维生素 B（0.012 毫克/千克）、叶酸（10 毫克）对生长性能和组织代谢谱的影响。 /kg)、蛋氨酸 (1 g/kg) 分别高于基础补充水平。第四种基于 SBM 的饮食（名为 B12/Fol/Met）采用 B、叶酸和蛋氨酸的组合配制，以达到上述目标浓度。还测试了第五种 60% SBM 饮食（称为 FWS），其中添加了蛋氨酸（高于基础补充水平 1 g/kg），富含牛磺酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸以及矿物质。这种饲料含有配方目标和添加剂，可以在虹鳟鱼饲料中用植物蛋白替代鱼粉。对照饮食包括以鱼粉为主的饮食（名为 FM）、未补充的 60% SBM 基础饮食（名为 SBM60）以及由等量的鱼（雪茄鲦鱼）、鱿鱼和虾组成的“天然”饮食（名为 N）作为增长绩效的积极参考。配合饲料含有约37%的总粗蛋白、约14%的总粗脂并且能量平衡。测量标准生长性能指标，并在第 12 周收集组织（肝脏、肌肉），以使用基于核磁共振 (NMR) 的代谢组学评估饮食引起的代谢变化。我们的结果表明，FWS 饮食在所有性能指标下均优于所有其他 SBM 饮食和 FM 饮食（< 0.05）。在饲喂 N 饲料的鱼中未检测到FigLU，但在饲喂 SBM 饲料和 FM 饲料的鱼中检测到。与其他基于 SBM 的饮食相比，饲喂 FWS 饮食和 Met 饮食的鱼显示出较低的肝脏 FigLU 水平 (<0.05)，这表明在不同的补充方案中，蛋氨酸补充与较低的 FigLU 水平相关。 FWS 饮食产生的组织代谢谱与 N 饮食喂养的鱼更相似。根据我们的结果，FWS 日粮构成了一种很有前景的基于 SBM 的红拟石首鱼鱼粉替代日粮。