Over the past decades, knowledge about peace and security has become increasingly mediated and co-produced with and through digital objects such as databases, indicators, apps, big data and data analysis algorithms. Only recently has the literature begun to recognize this. This article addresses the gap in the literature by exploring the centrality of digital objects' design in their emergence as experts in relation to international peace and security practices. By centering the politics of design, we contribute to broader debates on the effects of technology for who/what is considered an expert in contemporary international policy. Through a material-semiotic analysis of the UN SanctionsApp and the Security Assistance Monitor database, and semi-structured interviews with creators and users, we show how the normative goal of inclusion is inscribed into digital artifacts and translated into use. These cases were selected based on their inclusion of relevant state and nonstate actors into policy decisions, and our findings suggest that usage and material infrastructures play an important role in how this purpose is advanced. We shed light onto how digital expert objects produce actionable knowledge via the web of relations implicated in their production and highlight the importance of practitioners' participation in the making of such objects.

中文翻译：

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数字工具作为国际和平与安全的专家

在过去的几十年里，有关和平与安全的知识越来越多地与数据库、指标、应用程序、大数据和数据分析算法等数字对象一起中介和共同产生。直到最近，文献才开始认识到这一点。本文通过探讨数字对象设计在其作为国际和平与安全实践专家的出现过程中的中心地位，弥补了文献中的空白。通过以设计政治为中心，我们为关于技术对谁/什么被认为是当代国际政策专家的影响的更广泛的辩论做出了贡献。通过对联合国制裁应用程序和安全援助监测数据库的材料符号学分析，以及对创建者和用户的半结构化访谈，我们展示了如何将包容性的规范目标写入数字制品并转化为使用。这些案例的选择是基于将相关国家和非国家行为者纳入政策决策，我们的研究结果表明，使用和物质基础设施在如何推进这一目标方面发挥着重要作用。我们阐明了数字专家对象如何通过其生产中涉及的关系网络产生可操作的知识，并强调从业者参与此类对象制作的重要性。