Nature frequently serves as an inspiration for modern robotics innovations that emphasize secure human–machine interaction. However, the advantages of increased automation and digital technology integration conflict with the global environmental objectives. Accordingly, biodegradable soft robots have been proposed for a range of intelligent applications. Biodegradability provides soft robotics with an extraordinary functional advantage for operations involving intelligent shape transformation in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and light. Soft robot fabrication using conventional manufacturing techniques is inflexible, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Recent advances in 3D and 4D printing of soft materials and multi-materials have become the key to enabling the direct manufacture of soft robotics with complex designs and functions. This review comprises a detailed survey of 3D and 4D printing advances in biodegradable soft sensors and actuators (BSSA), which serve as the most prominent parts of each robotic system. In addition, a concise overview of biodegradable materials for the fabrication of 3D-printed flexible devices with medical along with industrial applications is provided. A complete summary of current additive manufacturing techniques for BSSA is discussed in depth. Moreover, the concept of biodegradable 4D-printed soft actuators and sensors and biohybrid soft robots is reviewed.

中文翻译：

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可持续机器人 4D 打印


大自然经常成为强调安全人机交互的现代机器人创新的灵感来源。然而，自动化程度提高和数字技术集成的优势与全球环境目标相冲突。因此，可生物降解的软机器人已被提出用于一系列智能应用。生物降解性为软机器人技术提供了非凡的功能优势，可用于涉及响应热、pH 和光等外部刺激的智能形状转变的操作。使用传统制造技术的软机器人制造不灵活、耗时且劳动密集。软材料和多材料3D和4D打印的最新进展已成为直接制造具有复杂设计和功能的软机器人的关键。本综述对可生物降解软传感器和执行器 (BSSA) 的 3D 和 4D 打印进展进行了详细调查，这些软传感器和执行器是每个机器人系统中最突出的部分。此外，还简要概述了用于制造医疗和工业应用的 3D 打印柔性设备的可生物降解材料。深入讨论了当前 BSSA 增材制造技术的完整总结。此外，还回顾了可生物降解的 4D 打印软执行器和传感器以及生物混合软机器人的概念。