Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder of red blood cells (RBCs) caused by defects in the synthesis of globin chains. Thalassemia phenotypes have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and vary from severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions to clinically asymptomatic states. Ineffective erythropoiesis and toxicity caused by iron overload are major factors responsible for various complications in thalassemia patients, especially patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM). Common complications in patients with thalassemia include iron overload, thrombosis, cardiac morbidity, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and organ dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released from various cells' plasma membranes due to activation and apoptosis. Based on studies, EVs play a role in various processes, including clot formation, vascular damage, and proinflammatory processes. In recent years, they have also been studied as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Considering the high concentration of EVs in thalassemia and their role in cellular processes, this study reviews the role of EVs in the common complications of patients with β-thalassemia for the first time.

地中海贫血是最常见的红细胞 (RBC) 单基因疾病，由珠蛋白链合成缺陷引起。地中海贫血表型具有广泛的临床表现，从需要定期输血的严重贫血到临床无症状状态。红细胞生成无效和铁超负荷引起的毒性是地中海贫血患者尤其是重型β地中海贫血（β-TM）患者出现各种并发症的主要原因。地中海贫血患者的常见并发症包括铁超负荷、血栓形成、心脏病、血管功能障碍、炎症和器官功能障碍。细胞外囊泡（EV）是各种细胞质膜因激活和凋亡而释放的小膜囊泡。根据研究，EV 在多种过程中发挥作用，包括血栓形成、血管损伤和促炎过程。近年来，它们也作为疾病诊断和预后的生物标志物进行了研究。考虑到地中海贫血中EV的高浓度及其在细胞过程中的作用，本研究首次综述了EV在β地中海贫血患者常见并发症中的作用。