Climate change is increasingly affecting agriculture worldwide, causing yield losses and undermining food security. Behind the international consensus on the urgent need for ambitious policies to adapt agriculture to climate change (AACC) hides a competition between three agricultural models—agroecology, climate-smart agriculture, and conventional agriculture—each carrying distinctive perspective on how agriculture should adapt to climate change. To date, no study has shown which of these three agricultural models is promoted the most by climate change adaptation policies. To shed light on this question, we undertook semi-structured surveys with resource persons, a literature review and a multi-criteria analysis, identifying and characterizing 226 AACC policy initiatives in seven countries or regions in the north (Andalusia, Occitanie, California, Guadeloupe) and the south (Colombia, South Africa, Senegal). Our aim was to identify (1) concrete strategic options mobilized by policy initiatives to adapt agriculture to climate change and (2) agricultural models that are implicitly or explicitly promoted by these policy initiatives. We identified 14 climate change adaptation options that mobilize a set of three complementary levers of action: (i) transforming production systems or enabling access to productive resources, (ii) providing access to knowledge that is useful for AACC, and (iii) coordinating and financing adaptation actions at territorial or sector scale. Agroecology and climate-smart agriculture are the two agricultural models favored in the mix of policy initiatives in all the studied sites. Despite conceptual differences, in real-life situations, these models do not conflict with each other since they are often promoted concomitantly. AACC policy initiatives, although diversified, seem too fragmented and not sufficiently restrictive to bring about rapid and profound change. This paper presents a new classification of AACC adaptation options, and is the first to reveal which agricultural models are promoted by policy initiatives in a wide range of regions.

气候变化对全球农业的影响日益严重，造成产量损失并破坏粮食安全。迫切需要制定雄心勃勃的农业适应气候变化政策（AACC）的国际共识背后隐藏着三种农业模式（生态农业、气候智能型农业和传统农业）之间的竞争，每种模式都对农业如何适应气候提出了独特的观点改变。迄今为止，还没有研究表明气候变化适应政策对这三种农业模式中哪一种的促进作用最大。为了阐明这个问题，我们与专家进行了半结构化调查、文献综述和多标准分析，确定并描述了北部七个国家或地区（安达卢西亚、奥克西塔尼、加利福尼亚州、瓜德罗普岛）和南部（哥伦比亚、南非、塞内加尔）。我们的目标是确定（1）由政策举措动员的具体战略选择，以使农业适应气候变化，以及（2）这些政策举措隐含或明确促进的农业模式。我们确定了 14 种气候变化适应方案，调动了一组三个互补的行动杠杆：(i) 转变生产系统或实现生产资源的获取，(ii) 提供对 AACC 有用的知识，以及 (iii) 协调和为地区或部门规模的适应行动提供资金。生态农业和气候智能型农业是所有研究地点政策举措组合中青睐的两种农业模式。尽管概念上存在差异，但在现实生活中，这些模型并不相互冲突，因为它们经常同时得到推广。AACC 的政策举措虽然多样化，但似乎过于分散且限制性不够，无法带来快速而深刻的变革。本文提出了 AACC 适应方案的新分类，首次揭示了广泛地区的政策举措推广了哪些农业模式。