I argue that Sartre's Transcendence of the Ego draws on Kant's theory of spontaneity to articulate its metaphysical account of consciousness's mode of being, to defend its phenomenological description of the intentional structure of self-consciousness, and to diagnose the errors that motivate views of consciousness qua person or substance. In addition to highlighting an overlooked dimension of Sartre's early relation to Kant, this interpretation offers a fresh account of how Sartre's argument for the primacy of pre-personal consciousness works, and brings the extent of his proximity to idealist models of mind into greater relief. It also affords Sartre the resources to respond to criticisms that his account of self-consciousness relies on a spurious distinction and that his view of freedom cannot explain how consciousness is conditioned by its world.

中文翻译：

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萨特、康德和心灵的自发性

我认为萨特的《自我的超越》借鉴康德的自发性理论来阐明其对意识存在模式的形而上学解释，捍卫其对自我意识的意向结构的现象学描述，并诊断激发意识作为人或实体的观点的错误。除了强调萨特早期与康德的关系中一个被忽视的方面之外，这种解释还为萨特关于前个人意识的首要性的论证如何发挥作用提供了新的解释，并使他与唯心主义心智模型的接近程度更加明显。它还为萨特提供了资源来回应批评，即他对自我意识的解释依赖于虚假的区分，并且他的自由观无法解释意识如何受到其世界的制约。