Early diagnosis of C reactive protein (CRP) is critical to applying effective therapies for related diseases. Diagnostic technology in today's healthcare systems is mostly deployed in central laboratories, involves expensive and time-consuming processes, and is operated by specialized personnel. For example, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), considered the gold standard diagnostic method, is labor-intensive and requires complex procedures such as multiple washing and labeling steps. Due to these limitations of current diagnostic techniques, it is difficult for people to regularly monitor their health and ultimately the disease is more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. The problem is exacerbated for economically disadvantaged people living in underdeveloped countries. To address these challenges in the traditional diagnostic field, point-of-care (POC) biosensors have emerged as a promising alternative. This allows patients to have their health checked regularly at or near their bedside without resorting to laboratory tests. Nanotechnology-based methods such as biosensors have been extensively researched and developed. Among biosensors, there are also label-free biosensors with high sensitivity that do not require complicated procedures and reduce test time. However, some drawbacks such as high cost, bulky size and need for trained personnel to operate have not been improved. In this review article, we provide an overview of routine methods in CRP diagnosis and then introduce biosensors as a modern, advanced alternative to older methods. Readers of this article can learn about biosensing and its benefits while being aware of the limitations of routine methods.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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生物传感器；C反应蛋白（CRP）的无创检测方法

C反应蛋白（CRP）的早期诊断对于相关疾病的有效治疗至关重要。当今医疗保健系统中的诊断技术大多部署在中心实验室，涉及昂贵且耗时的过程，并且由专业人员操作。例如，被认为是金标准诊断方法的酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）是劳动密集型的，并且需要复杂的程序，例如多个洗涤和标记步骤。由于当前诊断技术的这些局限性，人们很难定期监测自己的健康状况，最终更有可能在晚期才诊断出疾病。对于生活在不发达国家的经济弱势群体来说，这个问题更加严重。为了应对传统诊断领域的这些挑战，护理点 (POC) 生物传感器已成为一种有前景的替代方案。这使得患者可以在床边或床边定期检查健康状况，而无需进行实验室检查。基于纳米技术的方法（例如生物传感器）已得到广泛研究和开发。在生物传感器中，还有高灵敏度的无标记生物传感器，不需要复杂的程序并减少测试时间。但其成本高、体积大、需要训练有素的人员操作等缺点并没有得到改善。在这篇综述文章中，我们概述了 CRP 诊断的常规方法，然后介绍了生物传感器作为旧方法的现代、先进替代方法。本文的读者可以了解生物传感及其优点，同时了解常规方法的局限性。

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