Over the past several decades, historians of Medieval Europe have worked to show the complexity and diversity of Europe’s religious, linguistic and cultural landscape. Medieval Europe was neither a multicultural paradise nor an ethnically pure enclave. Archaeology, ethnolinguistics, literary studies and textual studies all show the constant movement of populations into and across Europe, from earliest antiquity until today. I have participated in two European-funded projects that explore different aspects of that religious and cultural diversity. From 2010 to 2015, I directed an ERC advanced grant entitled ‘RELMIN: The legal status of religious minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean world (5th–15th centuries)’. Since 2019, I am one of the four directors of an ERC synergy grant, ‘The European Qur’ān,’ which explores the place of the Qur’ān in European culture between the twelfth and early nineteenth centuries. This article presents these two European research programmes and their implications for understanding the history of Europe’s religious diversity.

在过去的几十年里，中世纪欧洲的历史学家一直致力于展示欧洲宗教、语言和文化景观的复杂性和多样性。中世纪的欧洲既不是多元文化的天堂，也不是种族纯粹的飞地。考古学、民族语言学、文学研究和文献研究都表明，从远古时代到今天，人口不断地流入和穿越欧洲。我参加了两个欧洲资助的项目，探索宗教和文化多样性的不同方面。从 2010 年到 2015 年，我指导了一项 ERC 预付款，题为“RELMIN：欧洲-地中海世界（5-15 世纪）宗教少数群体的法律地位”。自 2019 年以来，我是 ERC 协同补助金“欧洲古兰经”的四位董事之一 》探讨了《古兰经》在十二世纪至十九世纪早期欧洲文化中的地位。本文介绍了这两个欧洲研究项目及其对理解欧洲宗教多样性历史的影响。