This article introduces new quantitative fine-tuned indicators to objectively measure political parties’ preferences on gender issues. We assess the validity and reliability of these new empirical indicators by analyzing the relationship between ideology and gender positions in decentralized Spain. Using data collected by the Regional Manifestos Project, which for the first time has incorporated a fully fledged gender domain into its coding scheme for content analysis of regional manifestos, we analyze parties’ gender positions on four fundamental dimensions: welfare and the labor market, violence, representation, and values and identity. The results suggest that there is a persistent left-right divide on the last three dimensions: Spanish left-wing parties score significantly higher than right-wing and regionalist parties. However, ideology does not drive parties’ gender positions on welfare and labor market policies; support for gender equality policies on this dimension is so widespread that it can be considered a “valence issue”—all parties, irrespective of their ideology, endorse the same (positive) position.

中文翻译：

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西班牙关于性别问题的意识形态和政党立场：来自新数据集的证据

本文引入了新的定量微调指标来客观衡量政党对性别问题的偏好。我们通过分析去中心化的西班牙意识形态与性别立场之间的关系来评估这些新实证指标的有效性和可靠性。利用区域宣言项目收集的数据（该项目首次将成熟的性别领域纳入其区域宣言内容分析的编码方案中），我们分析了政党在四个基本维度上的性别立场：福利和劳动力市场、暴力、代表性、价值观和身份。结果表明，在最后三个维度上存在持续的左右分歧：西班牙左翼政党的得分明显高于右翼和地区主义政党。然而，意识形态不会影响政党在福利和劳动力市场政策上的性别立场；对这一层面上的性别平等政策的支持如此广泛，以至于可以被视为一个“效价问题”——所有各方，无论其意识形态如何，都赞同相同的（积极）立场。