This study aims at ferreting out a sparse subset, among the many democracy indicators, that best predicts lack-of-corruption (LoC). Two factors enable the authors to improve on previous research. First, the Varieties of Democracy (VD) data have become available over an extended time span, involving an unprecedented number of separate indicators. Second, the authors apply previously neglected methods, such as Gaussian standardization and measures to avoid overfitting. They also reduce random error on the LoC side by using the mean of two separate indices, VD and Transparency International, that correlate with R2 = 0.81. This results in an optimal set of 11 democracy indicators that predict the mean LoC with R2 = 0.87, close to what one could ideally expect to achieve. Among the five main categories VD distinguishes, the indicators that predict lack-of-corruption are mainly part of Liberal and Egalitarian Democracy, with lesser incidence of Electoral Democracy. This leaves out Participatory, and Deliberative Democracy.

中文翻译：

---

杜绝腐败与民主的自由平等特征相一致

本研究旨在从众多民主指标中找出一个最能预测廉洁状况（LoC）的稀疏子集。有两个因素使作者能够改进之前的研究。首先，民主的种类（血管病）数据已经在很长的时间跨度内可用，涉及数量空前的单独指标。其次，作者应用了以前被忽视的方法，例如高斯标准化和避免过度拟合的措施。他们还通过使用两个单独指数的平均值来减少 LoC 侧的随机误差，血管病和透明国际组织，与右2= 0.81。这会产生一组最佳的 11 个民主指标，用于预测平均 LoC右2= 0.87，接近理想期望达到的值。在五个主要类别中血管病区别在于，预测不腐败的指标主要是自由民主和平等民主的一部分，选举民主的发生率较小。这就排除了参与式民主和协商民主。