Various studies suggest a positive effect of host country citizenship on the educational outcomes of immigrants’ children. However, little is known about when and for whom citizenship matters and how much this is affected by potential endogeneity in the relationship between parental citizenship acquisition and their children’s educational outcomes. Focusing on the Netherlands, this article exploits siblings’ variation in their exposure to naturalization in order to net out the effect of time-constant parental characteristics. Results from a linear mixed model show that children who acquire Dutch citizenship have a substantial advantage in terms of academic performance over those who are still foreign citizens, especially if they naturalized in early childhood. A novel bounding estimator that gauges the sensitivity of the estimates to omitted variable bias confirms the robustness of these results. Moreover, the effects of citizenship are concentrated among students whose parents are at a disadvantage in the labour market and housing market, shedding light on hitherto under-explored effect heterogeneity.

中文翻译：

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获得公民身份的时机和移民子女的教育成果：家庭固定效应方法

多项研究表明，东道国公民身份对移民子女的教育成果具有积极影响。然而，人们对公民身份何时、对谁很重要，以及父母公民身份获得与其子女教育成果之间的关系中潜在内生性的影响程度知之甚少。本文以荷兰为重点，利用兄弟姐妹在入籍方面的差异来消除时间恒定的父母特征的影响。线性混合模型的结果表明，获得荷兰公民身份的孩子在学业成绩方面比那些仍然是外国公民的孩子有很大的优势，特别是如果他们在幼儿时期入籍的话。一种新颖的边界估计器可以衡量估计值对遗漏变量偏差的敏感性，证实了这些结果的稳健性。此外，公民身份的影响集中在父母在劳动力市场和住房市场处于不利地位的学生身上，这揭示了迄今为止尚未充分探索的影响异质性。