Do changes in religiosity beget changes in personality, or do changes in personality precede changes in religiosity? Existing evidence supports longitudinal associations between personality and religiosity at the between-person level, such that individual differences in personality predict subsequent individual differences in change in religiosity. However, no research to date has examined whether within-person changes in personality lead to subsequent changes in religiosity. Using random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM), we investigated between- and within-person associations between the Big Five personality traits and three aspects of religiosity-belief in God, service attendance, and prayer-in a sample of over 12,000 Dutch individuals across 11 annual assessments. We found between-person associations between all Big Five traits and religiosity, yet within-person associations only between agreeableness as well as extraversion and belief in God. Specifically, individuals who increased in agreeableness or extraversion reported subsequent increases in their belief in God and, in addition, individuals who increased in their belief in God showed subsequent increases in agreeableness. We further identified significant moderating effects of gender, religious upbringing, and religious affiliation. Overall, the present findings suggest that the associations between personality traits and religiosity primarily occur at the between-person level. However, the evidence for intraindividual associations between agreeableness, extraversion, and religious belief highlights the importance of distinguishing between-person from within-person effects to broaden the understanding of the temporal dynamics between variables. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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人格与宗教信仰之间的交互作用。

宗教信仰的改变会引起人格的改变，还是人格的改变先于宗教信仰的改变？现有证据支持人格与宗教信仰之间在人与人之间存在纵向关联，因此人格中的个体差异可以预测随后宗教信仰变化中的个体差异。然而，迄今为止还没有研究检验人体内性格的变化是否会导致宗教信仰的后续变化。使用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型（RI-CLPM），我们调查了大五人格特征与宗教信仰的三个方面（对上帝的信仰、服务出席和祈祷）之间的人与人之间和人内部的关联——在一个超过12,000 名荷兰人参与了 11 次年度评估。我们发现所有大五特征与宗教信仰之间存在人与人之间的关联，但人与人之间的关联仅在宜人性以及外向性和对上帝的信仰之间存在。具体来说，宜人性或外向性增加的个体随后报告了他们对上帝的信仰的增加，此外，对上帝的信仰增加的个体随后表现出宜人性的增加。我们进一步确定了性别、宗教教养和宗教信仰的显着调节作用。总体而言，目前的研究结果表明，人格特质与宗教信仰之间的关联主要发生在人与人之间。然而，有证据表明宜人性、外向性、宗教信仰强调了区分人与人之间影响的重要性，以拓宽对变量之间时间动态的理解。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。