Phosphorylation of nanocellulosic materials is a recently studied chemical or enzymatic treatment in which phosphate, phosphite, or phosphonium salt moieties are incorporated into the cellulosic backbone. It is possible to convert native celluloses into individual fibers that are nanometric in dimensions (∼3 nm) with a high aspect ratio (>100) and a high surface charge through phosphorylation treatment. The presence of anionically charged phosphate groups on the surface of the fibers reduces clogging and energy consumption (0.6 MWh/t) during mechanical treatment as well as improves nanocellulose dispersion in water. This paper reviews the preparation routes and fundamental characteristics of phosphorylated nanocellulose. The potential applications of phosphorylated nanocellulose include exterior wall insulation, vehicle interiors, protective clothing for firefighters and spacesuits, food packaging, bone scaffolding, adsorbents, flame retardants, and the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts, are also introduced. Finally, the development trend and prospects of phosphorylated nanocellulose are included.

纳米纤维素材料的磷酸化是最近研究的一种化学或酶促处理，其中磷酸盐、亚磷酸盐或磷盐部分被掺入纤维素主链中。通过磷酸化处理，可以将天然纤维素转化为具有高纵横比 (>100) 和高表面电荷的纳米尺寸 (~3 nm) 的单根纤维。纤维表面带阴离子电荷的磷酸基团的存在减少了机械处理过程中的堵塞和能源消耗（0.6 MWh/t），并改善了纳米纤维素在水中的分散性。本文综述了磷酸化纳米纤维素的制备路线和基本特性。磷酸化纳米纤维素的潜在应用包括外墙保温、车辆内饰、还介绍了消防员和宇航服的防护服、食品包装、骨支架、吸附剂、阻燃剂和均相催化剂的多相化。最后总结了磷酸化纳米纤维素的发展趋势和前景。