This study evaluated and compared the individual and combined toxicity of AgNPs, TiO₂NPs, and SiO₂NPs to life cycle of A. salina. To this end, both stability and toxicity of AgNPs were determined in the presence of TiO₂NPs and SiO₂NPs. The colloidal stability of AgNPs decreased in the presence of the other two NPs, especially SiO₂NPs. AgNPs displayed acute toxicity to A. salina, whereas SiO₂NPs and TiO₂NPs chronically induced toxicity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner during 28-day exposure. The experimental NPs significantly decreased the weight and length of A. salina and induced reproductive toxicity through perturbation in first brood timespan, sexual maturity, egg development time, egg pouch area, offspring quality, and fecundity. Exposure to AgNPs shifted the mode of reproduction in brine shrimp from ovoviviparity to oviparity, and also co-presence of AgNPs with SiO₂NPs or TiO₂NPs caused infertility. Generally, their individual toxicity was in order of AgNPs > TiO₂NPs > SiO₂NPs, and binary exposure to AgNPs-SiO₂NPs appear to be more threatening than AgNPs-TiO₂NPs to A. salina. Together, this study highlights that these nanoparticles could disrupt reproductive health of A. salina and lead to alterations in population dynamics and aquatic ecosystem balance.

_{本研究评估并比较了 AgNPs、TiO 2} NPs 和 SiO ₂ NPs的单独和组合毒性与A的生命周期。盐沼。为此，在 TiO ₂ NP 和 SiO ₂ NP 存在的情况下测定了 AgNP 的稳定性和毒性。_{AgNPs 的胶体稳定性在其他两种 NPs，特别是 SiO 2} NPs的存在下降低。AgNPs 对A表现出急性毒性。salina , 而 SiO ₂ NPs 和 TiO ₂NPs 在 28 天暴露期间以浓度和时间依赖性方式慢性诱导毒性。实验性 NP 显着降低了A的重量和长度。salina并通过扰乱初育时间、性成熟度、卵发育时间、卵囊面积、后代质量和繁殖力来诱导生殖毒性。_{暴露于 AgNPs 将丰年虾的繁殖模式从卵胎生转变为卵生，并且 AgNPs 与 SiO 2} NPs 或 TiO ₂ NPs的共存导致不育。通常，它们的个体毒性顺序为 AgNPs > TiO ₂ NPs > SiO ₂ NPs，并且二元暴露于 AgNPs-SiO ₂NPs 似乎比 AgNPs-TiO ₂ NPs 对A更具威胁性。盐沼。总之，这项研究强调这些纳米粒子可能会破坏A的生殖健康。盐沼并导致种群动态和水生生态系统平衡的改变。