The increasing environmental and human health concerns about lead in the environment have stimulated scientists to search for microbial processes as innovative bioremediation strategies for a suite of different contaminated media. In this paper, we provide a compressive synthesis of existing research on microbial mediated biogeochemical processes that transform lead into recalcitrant precipitates of phosphate, sulfide, and carbonate, in a genetic, metabolic, and systematics context as they relate to application in both laboratory and field immobilization of environmental lead. Specifically, we focus on microbial functionalities of phosphate solubilization, sulfate reduction, and carbonate synthesis related to their respective mechanisms that immobilize lead through biomineralization and biosorption. The contributions of specific microbes, both single isolates or consortia, to actual or potential applications in environmental remediation are discussed. While many of the approaches are successful under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, field application requires optimization for a host of variables, including microbial competitiveness, soil physical and chemical parameters, metal concentrations, and co-contaminants. This review challenges the reader to consider bioremediation approaches that maximize microbial competitiveness, metabolism, and the associated molecular mechanisms for future engineering applications. Ultimately, we outline important research directions to bridge future scientific research activities with practical applications for bioremediation of lead and other toxic metals in environmental systems.

对环境中铅的环境和人类健康日益关注，促使科学家寻找微生物过程作为一系列不同污染介质的创新生物修复策略。在本文中，我们在遗传、代谢和系统学背景下，对微生物介导的生物地球化学过程的现有研究进行了压缩综合，这些过程与实验室和现场的应用有关，这些过程将铅转化为磷酸盐、硫化物和碳酸盐的顽固沉淀物。环境铅的固定化。具体来说，我们重点关注磷酸盐溶解、硫酸盐还原和碳酸盐合成的微生物功能，这些功能与其各自通过生物矿化和生物吸附固定铅的机制相关。讨论了特定微生物（无论是单一分离株还是菌群）对环境修复中实际或潜在应用的贡献。虽然许多方法在严格控制的实验室条件下是成功的，但现场应用需要对许多变量进行优化，包括微生物竞争力、土壤物理和化学参数、金属浓度和共污染物。这篇综述要求读者考虑生物修复方法，最大限度地提高微生物竞争力、新陈代谢和未来工程应用的相关分子机制。最后，我们概述了重要的研究方向，以将未来的科学研究活动与环境系统中铅和其他有毒金属的生物修复的实际应用联系起来。