Abstract. Perturbations in stratospheric aerosol due to explosive volcanic eruptions are a primary contributor to natural climate variability. Observations of stratospheric aerosol are available for the past decades, and information from ice cores has been used to derive estimates of stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth over the Holocene (approximately 10,000 BP to present) and into the last glacial period, extending back to 60,000 BP. Tephra records of past volcanism, compared to ice cores, are less complete, but extend much further into the past. To support model studies of the potential impacts of explosive volcanism on climate variability over across timescales, we present here an ensemble reconstruction of volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection (VSSI) over the last 130,000 years that is based primarily on terrestrial and marine tephra records. VSSI values are computed as a simple function of eruption magnitude, based on VSSI estimates from ice cores and satellite observations for identified eruptions. To correct for the incompleteness of the tephra record we include stochastically generated synthetic eruptions, assuming a constant background eruption frequency from the ice core Holocene record. While the reconstruction often differs from ice core estimates for specific eruptions due to uncertainties in the data used and reconstruction method, it shows good agreement with an ice core based VSSI reconstruction in terms of millennial-scale cumulative VSSI variations over the Holocene. The PalVol reconstruction provides a new basis to test the contributions of forced vs. unforced natural variability to the spectrum of climate, and the mechanisms leading to abrupt transitions in the palaeoclimate record with low-to-high complexity climate models. The PalVol volcanic forcing reconstruction is available at https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PalVolv1 (Toohey, Schindlbeck-Belo, 2023).

中文翻译：

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PalVol v1：末次冰川周期（130,000–50 BP）火山平流层硫注入的基于代理的半随机集合重建

摘要。火山喷发引起的平流层气溶胶扰动是自然气候变率的主要原因。在过去的几十年中，对平流层气溶胶的观测是可用的，来自冰芯的信息已被用于推导全新世（距今约 10,000 年前）和末次冰期的平流层硫注入和气溶胶光学深度的估计，一直延伸到60,000 英国石油公司。与冰芯相比，Tephra 对过去火山活动的记录不那么完整，但可以追溯到更远的过去。为了支持跨时间尺度爆发性火山活动对气候变率的潜在影响的模型研究，我们在此展示了过去 130 年火山平流层硫注入 (VSSI) 的整体重建，000 年主要基于陆地和海洋的火山灰记录。VSSI 值是根据冰芯的 VSSI 估计值和已确定喷发的卫星观测结果计算为喷发量级的简单函数。为了纠正火山灰记录的不完整性，我们包括随机产生的合成喷发，假设冰芯全新世记录的背景喷发频率恒定。由于所用数据和重建方法的不确定性，重建通常与特定喷发的冰芯估计不同，但就全新世千年尺度累积 VSSI 变化而言，它与基于冰芯的 VSSI 重建表现出良好的一致性。PalVol 重建提供了一个新的基础来测试强制与非强制的贡献。气候谱的非强制性自然变率，以及导致古气候记录从低到高复杂性气候模型突然转变的机制。PalVol 火山强迫重建可在 https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PalVolv1（Toohey，Schindlbeck-Belo，2023 年）获取。