Chestnut crop is regaining its fame worldwide with powerful investment perspectives. Unluckily the climate change effects are posing high threat to its cultivation with less available resources and increased production cost both in traditional and specialized orchards. Additionally, the chestnut physiological knowledge is still limited, especially as concern the burr development (i.e., the economical production target) and its relationship with the environmental parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seasonal, daily, and hourly burr growth pattern associated to environmental parameters for improving physiological knowledge on this species. The study was carried out in a traditional rainfed sweet chestnut orchard located in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines (Monterenzio, Italy). The chestnut burr growth was measured, along the entire season, both with a digital calliper and through the use of plant-based sensors (fruit-gauges) that permitted to measure, in real-time, the burr growth pattern. Environmental data were recorded by a weather station placed in the middle of the orchard. Results evidenced a higher burr growth rate, in the last part of the season (from middle-end of August to full fall) while the daily growing pattern was characterized by increased oscillation, along the season, of night-swelling and daily-shrinkage. The night-swelling was found to be influenced by high nocturnal air relative humidity while the daily-shrinkage was influenced by the higher wind speed, solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit. Thus, the burr daily net growth can be associated, depending on the phenological stages, to environmental parameters. Precipitation but especially the atmosphere humidity, in September and October, were the main external drivers of burr daily net growth. These results could be promising for the adoption of sustainable (e.g., late season grass mowing, sprinkler irrigation) and smart practices for improving chestnut management in both traditional and specialized orchards.

板栗作物凭借强大的投资前景在全球范围内重新声名鹊起。不幸的是，气候变化的影响对其种植构成了高度威胁，可用资源减少，传统果园和专业果园的生产成本增加。此外，板栗的生理知识仍然有限，尤其是毛刺的发展（即，经济生产目标）及其与环境参数的关系。本研究的目的是评估与环境参数相关的季节性、每日和每小时毛刺生长模式，以提高对该物种的生理知识。该研究是在位于托斯卡纳-艾米利亚亚平宁山脉（意大利蒙特伦齐奥）的传统雨养甜栗园中进行的。在整个季节中，通过使用数字卡尺和使用允许实时测量毛刺生长模式的基于植物的传感器（水果测量仪）来测量栗子毛刺的生长。环境数据由位于果园中央的气象站记录。结果证明毛刺增长率更高，在季节的最后部分（从 8 月中旬到整个秋季），而每日生长模式的特点是随着季节的增加，夜间膨胀和日收缩。发现夜间膨胀受夜间空气相对湿度高的影响，而日收缩则受较高风速、太阳辐射和水汽压不足的影响。因此，根据物候阶段，毛刺的每日净增长可以与环境参数相关联。9 月和 10 月的降水，尤其是大气湿度，是毛刺每日净增长的主要外部驱动因素。这些结果可能有望采用可持续的（发现夜间膨胀受夜间空气相对湿度高的影响，而日收缩则受较高风速、太阳辐射和水汽压不足的影响。因此，根据物候阶段，毛刺的每日净增长可以与环境参数相关联。9 月和 10 月的降水，尤其是大气湿度，是毛刺每日净增长的主要外部驱动因素。这些结果可能有望采用可持续的（发现夜间膨胀受夜间空气相对湿度高的影响，而日收缩则受较高风速、太阳辐射和水汽压不足的影响。因此，根据物候阶段，毛刺的每日净增长可以与环境参数相关联。9 月和 10 月的降水，尤其是大气湿度，是毛刺每日净增长的主要外部驱动因素。这些结果可能有望采用可持续的（9 月和 10 月的降水，尤其是大气湿度，是毛刺每日净增长的主要外部驱动因素。这些结果可能有望采用可持续的（9 月和 10 月的降水，尤其是大气湿度，是毛刺每日净增长的主要外部驱动因素。这些结果可能有望采用可持续的（例如，晚季割草、喷灌）和改善传统果园和专业果园板栗管理的明智做法。