Coral reefs worldwide are declining due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which, combined with local anthropogenic pressure, are exacerbating unprecedented mass coral bleaching. For corals to survive, restoring coral reefs through cryopreservation is crucial. The aim of this study was to vitrify and laser-warm Stylophora pistillata planulae to allow for feasible settlement, post-settlement survival, and the production of adult corals. The no-observed-effect concentrations were used to determine the best cryoprotective agents for S. pistillata. The larvae were then subjected to cooling and nanolaser warming (300 V, 10 ms pulse width, 2 mm beam diameter) by using two vitrification solutions (VSs; VS1: 2 M dimethyl sulfoxide and 1 M ethylene glycol [EG]; VS2: 2 M propylene glycol and 1 M EG) and gold nanoparticles. The results revealed that VS1-treated larvae had a higher vitrification rate (65%), swimming rate (23.1%), settlement rate (11.54%), and post settlement survival rate (11.54%) than those treated with VS2. Seasonal variations also affected the cryopreservation of the planulae; VS1 was more favorable for the planulae in spring than in fall. Although laser-warmed larvae developed slower morphologically than their controlled counterparts, the production of cryopreserved adult S. pistillata corals was achieved. The proposed technique can improve the cryopreservation of corals and advance efforts to protect endangered coral species.

中文翻译：

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首次成功生产来自冷冻幼虫的成年珊瑚

由于温室气体浓度增加，全球珊瑚礁正在减少，再加上当地的人为压力，正在加剧前所未有的大规模珊瑚白化。为了让珊瑚得以生存，通过低温保存来恢复珊瑚礁至关重要。本研究的目的是玻璃化和激光加热雌花柱藻planulae 允许可行的定居、定居后的生存和成年珊瑚的生产。未观察到影响的浓度用于确定最佳冷冻保护剂雌蕊. 然后通过使用两种玻璃化溶液（VSs；VS1：2 M 二甲亚砜和 1 M 乙二醇 [EG]；VS2：2 M 丙二醇和 1 M EG) 和金纳米粒子。结果表明，VS1 处理的幼虫比 VS2 处理的幼虫具有更高的玻璃化率（65%）、游泳率（23.1%）、沉降率（11.54%）和沉降后存活率（11.54%）。季节变化也影响了浮体的低温保存；VS1 在春季比在秋季更有利于平面。虽然激光加热的幼虫在形态学上比受控的幼虫发育慢，但冷冻成虫的产生雌蕊珊瑚实现了。拟议的技术可以改善珊瑚的低温保存，并推动保护濒危珊瑚物种的努力。